Revolutions
This revolution was triggered in part due to taxation without representation
The American Revolution
This British Enlightenment thinker influenced revolutionary ideas about natural rights and government by consent.
John Locke
This ideology emphasizes loyalty, shared culture, and identity within a nation.
Nationalism
This process describes the movement of people from rural areas into cities during industrialization.
Urbanization
This economic system emphasizes private ownership and competition in the marketplace.
Capitalism
This revolution introduced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The French Revolution
This inventor improved steam engine technology, helping accelerate industrialization.
James Watt
This 19th‑century nationalist movement successfully unified several independent states into a single nation‑state.
German unification
This new system of production centralized labor and machinery under one roof.
Factory system
This thinker argued that free markets and limited government intervention would benefit society.
Adam Smith
This revolution challenged both Enlightenment hypocrisy and the plantation system in the Caribbean.
The Haitian Revolution
This leader of the Haitian Revolution emphasized abolition and challenged Enlightenment hypocrisy.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
This nationalist movement sought to create unity among the diverse peoples of the Ottoman Empire.
Ottomanism
Coal and iron were especially important to industrialization because they powered and built this new type of economy.
Industrial economy
This economic theory calls for public ownership of the means of production.
Socialism
These revolutions were inspired by Enlightenment ideas but resulted in politically fragmented nations ruled mainly by elites.
The Latin American revolutions
This creole leader played a major role in South American independence movements but failed to unify the region.
Simón Bolívar
This region of Europe experienced frequent conflict as nationalist movements challenged multi‑ethnic empires.
Balkans
This change in labor increased efficiency by assigning workers to a single repetitive task.
Specialization of labor
This group organized to improve wages and working conditions during industrialization.
Labor unions
This series of revolutions ended European colonial rule but largely preserved creole elite control over land, labor, and politics.
The Latin American revolution
This thinker’s writings helped inspire multiple Atlantic revolutions by emphasizing popular sovereignty and social contracts.
Jean‑Jacques Rousseau
This element of nationalism emphasized shared language, culture, and history over loyalty to empires.
National identity
This development dramatically reduced the cost and time of moving goods and people during the Industrial Revolution.
The railroad
This idea supports minimal government interference in the economy and became influential during early industrialization.
Laissez faire economics