Protein Structure and Function
Substance on which an enzyme acts; binds to the active site of the enzyme
What are substrates?
A process that is commonly used to separate these cell extracts based on their size using membranes that have various pore sizes
What is filtration?
The step of the PCR where the separated DNA strands attach to a primer
What is the annealing step?
The study of our complete collection of genes
The injection of DNA directly into a cell using a very thin, glass hypodermic needle
What is microinjection?
Type of transport protein that serve as a passageway for certain materials
What are channel proteins?
A tool which is used to pull apart components of a mixture using rotational force
What is a centrifuge?
Specialized enzymes which make cuts to the ends of a nucleic acid chain
What are exonucleases?
The enzyme that creates the cDNA using the mRNA as a template
What is reverse transcriptase?
A type of virus which is able to incorporate their own genetic information into the genome of their host cell
What is a retrovirus?
The chain of amino acids, or polypeptide
The expression of a particular protein product
What is upstream processing?
A type of sugar that forms really long chains and is used for electrophoresis of DNA fragments
What is agarose?
Vectors which are limited to a maximum of around 12 kb and can only be incorporated for replication and expression in bacterial host cells
What are plasmids?
The form of gene therapy where the body cells of an individual with a particular genetic disorder, are altered so that those body cells may receive a normal, or healthy, copy of that gene
What is somatic cell therapy?
Membrane proteins with carbohydrates attached to them; function in cell recognition
What are glycoproteins?
A process where proteins are first separated using electrophoresis gel before being transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane where antibodies are then applied to attach to the protein of interest
What is a Western Blot?
The end product of digesting DNA with restriction enzymes make a zig-zag cut in the DNA molecule leaving regions on each end that are single stranded
What are "sticky ends"?
A technique that is commonly used to detect the location of a particular DNA sequence within a larger piece of DNA such as a chromosome using fluorescence
What is FISH?
The form of gene therapy where the gametes are altered in such a way that aa normal copy of the gene is inserted into the genome
What is germ-line therapy?
A protein which is composed of more than one polypeptide chain, forming a larger protein complex
What is tertiary structure?
A technique for the detection of specific proteins which relies on first coating small wells with a sample that is then exposed to primary antibodies that will attach to a specific protein of interest
What is ELISA?
A heat stable DNA polymerase that is used for PCR
What is Taq polymerase?
Also known as gene chips, these are used for analyzing the DNA that is being expressed in a cell sample at a certain time
What is DNA microarray?
Organisms that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering