Causes of Industrialization
Place where industrialization first began
England (Will accept Great Britain/UK)
low-quality, multi-family apartment buildings, primarily built in urban centers to house rapid influxes of immigrants and working-class factory workers; the severely overcrowded, often dangerous buildings lacked proper sanitation, ventilation, and plumbing
tenement
Which major country will be unable to industrialize due to having a corrupt, weak government and spending the last few centuries isolating themselves from Western education and innovation?
Qing China
An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members; popularized after worker exploitation common after the Industrial Revolution
Labor Union
True or False: Working class children had to work, but their working conditions were clean, they had a limit of how many hours they could work a day, and they lived healthy lives
False
Give one example of an early invention that sparked industrialization
Seed Drill, Spinning Jenny, Cotton Gin, Crop Rotation, Water Frame, Interchangeable Parts
Manufacturing based in homes in rural areas rather than in a factory in a city, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued
Cottage Industry
What industry did Russia primarily focus on when they first began state-sponsored industrialization?
Railroad
a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
socialism
Name one environmental effect of the industrial revolution
Pollution, spread of disease, higher rates of cancer
What two natural resources were abundant in Great Britain that helped power engines and create stronger ships, buildings, railways, etc.
Coal & Iron
Work is broken down into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers; used in the factory system and was done by the "low/no" skilled workers who moved into the cities to find work
Division of Labor
Japan and the Ottoman empire both practiced _________ ____________ in which they attempted to industrialize so they could protect their traditional values
defensive modernization (or industrialization)
German scholar and writer who critiqued capitalism by saying it was unstable and created a sharp class division that led to poverty and misery. He believed that under capitalism, a violent revolution of the lower classes against the upper classes would happen and result in a classless society (Communism)
Karl Marx
As cities grew, what problems did they face due to industrialization? Name at least 2.
Increase in crime, pollution, poverty, violence, disease
The accumulation and investment of this allowed for new business endeavors to form and grow
capital
Consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England c. 1700; it contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities
Enclosure Movement
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor and westernized the military, education system, and placed high taxes on peasants to control the cotton industry of Egypt
Muhammad Ali
hands off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy
laissez-faire
Explain the difference in the roles of women because of industrialization
Lower class women worked in factories & were paid half of what a man was paid while middle class women stopped working as a status symbol, instead being in charge of domestic duties (taking care of home & children)
Why was Great Britain's close proximity to waterways important for early industrialization? Name at least 2 reasons.
1. Water powered the machinery
2. Canals & rivers allowed cheaper/easier movement of resources
3. Better access of overseas markets/colonies
What were some leisurely activities the growing middle class could do in the city now that they have the time and money to enjoy?
Dining in restaurants, going to plays or theatres, participate in sports, buy newer "luxury" items such as bicycles
Which country outside of the west was successful in state-sponsored industrialization AND what was this period of Westernization/transition from a Shogunate to an Emperor called for the country?
Japan; Meiji Restoration
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located; ex. Unilever, Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Transnational corporation
Industrialization transformed socio-economic classes. What two distinct social classes emerged AND you have to include the name given to them by Karl Marx.
Lower Working Class - Proletariat
Urban Middle Class - Bourgeoisie