Beginnings
Describe life before the Industrial Revolution.
Life before the Industrial Revolution was very agricultural based. Products and goods were harvested and made solely by hands. The majority of the population was made up of farmers and the whole family worked together to produce what was needed to live.
What two new social classes emerge due to the Industrial Revolution?
Middle class aka bourgeoisie aka the haves
Working class aka proletariat aka have nots
Define Capitalism.
Products & means of production are owned by individuals who employ workers.
What was the name of the meeting held to set up rules & regulations for the 'Scramble' in Africa?
The Berlin Conference
What was the main source of energy before the use of the steam?
Water power!
Define Industrial Revolution.
The process of changing from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry, and machine manufacturing that marked a turning point in history, and influenced almost every aspect of life.
How did the middle class emerge?
These rich business families gained wealth and power due to the industrial growth in manufacturing, banking, and trading.
The Bourgeoisie or middle class refers to the people who own the means of production. So, as the industrial revolution began progressing, these factory owners, warehouse, shop, bank, etc. owners began to gain a significant profit & power.
Define Communism.
A classless society in which the means of production are owned by everyone for the good of all.
Define Imperialism.
When a country extends its power into other territories for economic or political gain.
Define the term "living wage"
A wage that is high enough to maintain a normal standard of living.
Define & explain the effects of rapid urbanization?
The process of of more and more people leave rural areas to live in cities; making an area more urban.
- No urban planning
- Close proximity and poor hygiene spread disease and illnesses
- Tenements were built which were cramped, overcrowded, & dirty apartments
- Lack of public services like sewers, waste management, and water
Describe life in the factories & mines.
-Long shifts
- Dangerous work environment
- Poor air quality
- Working in total darkness
- Cruel bosses
- Little pay
Define Socialism.
Means of production are owned a controlled by the community as a whole
* Command Economy
Why did European nations have an advantage in Africa?
Stronger economies & governments
Had powerful armies & navies
Better technology & weapons
Define class-consciousness.
When people believe they belong to a specific social & economic group.
How did developments in either steam, iron, or canals contribute to the success of the Industrial Revolution?
Steam- became the new source of energy and was used to power huge factories & machines and move trains.
Iron- New techniques for iron (ex. puddling) allowed iron to be made much stronger and now used to build machines, roads, engines, etc.
Canals- allowed more goods to be moved much further
Why were families alright with having their children work in factories & mines?
Could not survive without the income they provided.
Identify one pro and one con for each economic system.
Capitalism
Pros- Freedom & choice, fuels innovation, promotes economic growth, can be very successful, etc.
Cons-Short-termed focused, wealth inequality, exploitation of labor, economic instability, etc.
Socialism
Pros- Creates a safety net (healthcare, SS, welfare, etc.), Economic equality, etc.
Cons- More government intervention, higher taxes, reduces incentive to work, oppression, economic inefficiency, etc.
Communism
Pros- Security, Equality, etc.
Cons- Lack of choice, lack of incentives and consequences, oppression, etc.
Identify one ideological and one material motivation for United States imperialism.
Material
- Keep pace with Europe and to keep them out of the US Sphere of Influence & Economic growth
Ideological
- Paternalism, Make the world safe for democracy, Maintain white supremacy at home
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?
-Large supply of natural resources
- Huge work force
- Capital to invest into businesses
- Stable government
Identify 2 advancements in agriculture and explain their effects.
Crop rotations- increased crop yield & improved nutrients of soil
Dikes & Seed drill- maximized land use
Enclosures- taking commonly owned farm land and changing it to privately owned
Effects- led to a population boom=increase demand in goods & services, left people without work moving to cities looking for new opportunities
Explain why labor unions formed.
Identify 2 challenges/obstacles they faced.
Identify 1 right union members overtime won for workers.
Created to protect employee rights and stop exploitation of workers.
Employers attempted to disband unions because they limited profits, union members faced discrimination in the workplace, easily replaceable, strikes often ended in violence
Right to strike, 8 hr. work day, ended child labor, increased wages, safety reforms
What did the Communist Manifesto predict?
That there would be a global revolution between the haves and have nots.
How did the Meiji Restoration transform Japan?
Made it an industrial power house, expanded its empire, appointed governors, constructed an army, established an education system, dismantled the Samurai class system, held elections, created a parliament
Who is the father of Capitalism?
Adam Smith author of Wealth of Nations