breaths
The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs
a. intrapleural and intra-alveolar
b. atmospheric and intra-alveolar
c.atmospheric and intrapleural
d. atmospheric and trasnpulmonary
b. atmospheric and intra-alveolar
ADH ... H2O permeability of the collection duct epithelium by ... the number of Aquaporin-2 present in the apical membrane.
A. increases: increasing
B. increases: decreasing
C. decreases: decreasing
D. decreases: increasing
A. increases: increasing
An alpha-1 blocker will:
a. Promotes arteriolar smooth muscle contraction, decreases TPR, and decreases MAP
b. promote arteriolear smooth muscle contraction, increase TPR, and increase MAP
c. promote arteriolar smooth muscle relaxation,
d. promote arterial smooth muscle relaxation
c. promote arteriolar smooth muscle relaxation,
When blood pressure increases, how do mesangial cells respond to regulate GFR
a. They contract to decrease the surface area of the glomerular capillaries available for filtration to decrease GFR
b. They contract to decrease the diameter of the afferent arterioles to decrease GFR
c. They relax to increase the surface area of the glomerular capillary available for filtration, to increase GFR
D. They relax to increase the diameter of the afferent arterioles to increase GFR
a. They contract to decrease the surface area of the glomerular capillaries available for filtration to decrease GFR
Steroid hormones & thyroid hormones are only able to leave the blood and bind to target cells when they are:
a. bond to hemoglobin in the plasma
b. bound to carrier sproteos in the plasma
c. bound to glucose in the plasma
d. freely dissolved in plasma
d. freely dissolved in plasma
What describes the movements of oxygen and CO2 in the lungs & systemic capillaries?
a. they diffuse down their electrochemical gradients by simple diffusion
b. they are actively transported against their patical pressure gradients
c. they diffuse down their parabolic pressure gradients by facilitated diffusion
d. they diffuse down their partial pressure gradient by simple diffusion
d. they diffuse down their partial pressure gradient by simple diffusion
As the osmolarity of a solution increases, osmotic pressure ...
a. decrease
b. increases
c. stays the same
d. becomes zero
b. increases
The sympathetic division increases heart rate & force of contraction through NE binding to ... receptors on cardiac pacemaker & contractile cell.
a. alpha-1 adrenergic
b. bata-1 adrenergic
c. beta-2 adrenergic
d. M2
e. M3
b. beta-1 adrenergic
Dilation of the ... will increase glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure & increase GRP
a. afferent arteriole
b. efferent arteriole
c. distal tubule
d. proximal tubule
a. Afferent arteriole
In the distal tubule & collecting duct, where are K+ ion channels located in the epithelial cells?
a. apical membrane only
b. basolateral membrane only
c. both the apical membrane & basolateral membrane
d. in the apical membrane only in the presence of aldosterone
a. apical membrane only
How is the majority of CO2 transported in the blood?
a. directly dissolved in the plasma as CO2
b. dissolved as bicarbonate ions in erythrocytes
c. dissolved as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
d. bound to hemoglobin
c. dissolved as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
What metabolic reaction uses water to split biomolecules?
a. dephosphorylation
b. oxidation
c. dehydration
d. hydrolysis
D. hydrolysis
Angiotensin II increases MAP in several ways. Which of the following is NOT an action of Angiotension II
a. stimulates vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles to increase TPR
b. Simulates aldosterone secretion to increase sodium reabsorption
c. Stimulates secretion of ADH
d. stimulates neurons in the hypothalamus to stimulate thirst/fluid intake
e. stimulates the release of renin from granular juxtaglomerular cell
e. stimulates the release of renin from granular juxtaglomerular cell
The medullary osmotic gradient is established by the:
a. nephron loops of cortical nephrons
b. collecting duct of juxtamedullary nephrons
c. collecting duct of cortical nephrons
d. distal tubules of juxtamedullary nephrons
e. nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons
e. nephrons loop of juxtamedullary nephrons
What is the role of brush border enzymes in carbohydrate digestion
a. Transport disaccharides into intestinal absorptive cells
b. transport monosaccharides into absorptive cells
c. digest disaccharides & limit dextrins into monosaccharides
d. digest polysaccharides into disaccharides
e. secrete digestive juices into small intestine to break down carbohydrates
c. Digest disaccharides & limit dextrins into monosaccharides
CO2 binding to hemoglobin ... hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. This is known as the ... effect.
a. increases; Bohr
b. decreases; Bohr
c. increases; carbamino
d. decreases; carbamino
e. decreases; affinity
d. decreases; carbamino
Which starling forces in the renal corpuscle oppose filtration?
A. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure & Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
B. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure & Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure
C. Glomerular osmotic pressure & Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
D. glomerular osmotic pressure & bowman's capsule osmotic pressure
C. Glomerular osmotic pressure & Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
When MAP is between 80 & 180 mm Hg, GFR is regulated by:
a. both intrinsic & extrinsic control mechanisms
b. extrinsic control mechanisms only
c. intrinsic control mechanisms only (renal autoregulation)
d. GFR does not need to be regulated within this ragne
c. Intrinsic control mechanisms only (renal autoregulation)
Which starling forces in the renal corpuscle oppose filtration?
a. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure & Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
b. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure & bowman's capsule osmotic pressure
c. glomerular osmotic pressure & bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
d. glomerular osmotic pressure & Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure
e. glomerular osmotic pressure only
c. glomerular osmotic pressure & Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
Lipids move across the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells by:
a. simple diffusion of monoglycerides & free fatty acids
b. facilitated diffusion of monoglycerides and free fatty acids
c. Exocytosis of triglycerides
d. Exocytosis of chlomicrons
d. Exocytosis of chylomicrons
When ventilation decreases to a certain area of the lungs, what will be the primary effect of the increased carbon dioxide levels?
a. bronchoconstriction to decrease ventilation
b. bronchodilation to increase ventilation
c. vasoconstriction to decrease perfusion
d. vasodilatation to increase perfusion
e. none
b. bronchodilation in incrase ventialiton
water in the late distal tubule & collecting duct is ... to the peritubular fluid, which drives the diffusion of water into the ... whenever water can permeate the tubule wall.
a. hyper-osmotic: interstitial fluid & then the blood
b. hypo-osmotic: interstitial fluid and then the blood
c. hyper-osmotic: renal tubule
d. hypo-osmotic: renal tubule
e. iso-osmotic: interstitial fluid & then the blood
b. hypo-osmotic: interstitial fluid and then the blood
Which of the following would raise MAP
a. decreased renin secretion
b. increases parasympathetic activity
c. decreased ADH secretion
d. increased ANP secretion
e. increased aldosterone secretion
e. increased aldosterone secretion
a. Sympathetic innervation
b. Paracrine chemical messengers from the macula densa cells are secreted in response to changes in the flow of tubular fluid in the distal tubule
c. The smooth muscle of the afferent arterioles responds to stretch to keep GFR constant
d. angiostesino II
b. Paracrine chemical messengers from the macula densa cells are secreted in response to changes in the flow of tubular fluid in the distal tubule
Intracellular fluid levels of calcium are kept very ... by ...
a. low; calcium-ATPase pumps
b. high; calcium-ATPase pumps
c. low; calcium-potassium ATPase pumps
d. high; sodium-calcium ATPase pumps
e. low; calcium leak channels
a. low; calcium-ATPase pumps