5.1- Open Ocean
This term describes the interconnected body of all Earths oceans that encircle the planet
The World Ocean
Corals belong to this phylum and use stinging cells to capture prey.
Phylum Cnidaria
What term describes the vertical separtion of organisms into distinct bands on a rocky shore?
Zonation
What is a sandy shore characterized by?
Unstable shifting, porous substrate made of sand
What is a mangrove forest characterized by?
Along Tropical and Subtropical coastlines and dominated by salt tolerant trees
Name the ocean that is the largest on Earth, containing the Mariana Trench.
The Pacific Ocean
This symbiotic algae lives inside hard corals and provides them with food through photosynthesis.
Zooxanthellae
Which zone of the rocky shore is almost always underwater and has the greatest biodiversity?
Lower Shore (zone)
Compared to rocky shores, sandy shores tend to have low biodiversity because of the lack of which attachment site?
Lack of hard substrate
Mangrove forest require calm water, warm temperatures, and this type of sediment for sediment for propagules to anchor.
Sandy for silty sediments
This ocean zone extends from the surface to 200 meters and is the only always photic zone.
Epipelagic Zone
Name the coral reef type that forms directly along the coastline and has little to no lagoon.
Fringing reef
Name two abiotic factors that affect organism distribution on a rocky shore.
Wave action, temperature changes, salinity fluctuations, or exposure to air (desiccation) (any two)
Despite being well oxygenated, sandy shore sediments increase the risk of this abiotic stress during low tide?
Desiccation
This mangrove adaptation helps stabilize the tree in soft, unstable sediment while also reducing wave energy
Prop roots
This factor, along with light wavelength, affects how deeply sunlight penetrates ocean water.
Water Turbidity
Give two environmental condition required for tropical coral reef formation.
Warm temperatures (16 to 35 degrees celsius), shallow water (<20m), clear water, hard substrate, stable salinity (any two)
Why are upper limits of rocky shore organisms mainly determined by abiotic factors, while lower limits are determined by biotic factors?
This burrowing marine worm avoids predators and dehydration by living beneath the sand and is a major part of sandy shore biomass.
Lugworm (Arenicola marina)
Mangrove forests are considered nursery habitats because they provide this benefit to juvenile fish and invertebrates.
Protection from predators and calm shelter conditions for growth
Explain why Phytoplankton in the epipelagic zone are critical for both atmospheric oxygen levels and global climate regulation.
Phytoplankton photosynthesize, producing oxygen and absorbing CO2, makiing the ocean a carbon sink and helping regulate global climate
Explain how an increase in ocean temperature can lead to coral bleaching and eventual reef erosion.
Higher temperatures stress corals, causing them to expel zooxanthellae, reducing energy supply, stopping skeleton formation, and leading to bleaching and erosion
Explain how a muscular foot and strong shell are adaptions that increase survival or organisms living in the upper shore.
They allow strong attachment to rocks to resist waves and tight shell closure to reduce water loss during exposure to air
Explain why burrowing is a key adaption that allows organisms to survive the abiotic challenges of sandy shores.
Burrowing protects organisms from disiccation, extreme temperature and wave action in an unstable substrate
Explain how climate change can threaten mangrove forests through changes in temperature and sea level.
Climate change increases temperatures, alters salinity, strengthens storms, raises sea levels, increases erosion, and damages mangrove stability and survival?