5.1 Industrial Revolution
The use of these sources of energy to power machines replaced human and animal labor and transformed production
What are fossil fuels (or coal, oil, and gas)?
Britain turned to this fossil fuel after deforestation made wood scarce for heating and building
What is coal?
This group made up about 15% of England’s industrial workforce and often worked in dangerous factory conditions for little pay
Who were children (child laborers)?
This 1853 event shocked Japan and helped trigger its rapid modernization by revealing Western military power
What was the arrival of Commodore Perry’s American warships?
This economic and cultural system centers on buying goods and services beyond basic needs
What is consumerism?
Many early industrialized nations, like Britain, had these, which gave them access to cheap raw materials and captive markets for industrial goods
What are colonies or overseas territories?
This invention was first used to pump water out of coal mines and later powered factories, trains, and ships
What is a steam engine?
Problems like poverty, famine, and war forced people to leave their homes and home countries during the nineteenth century
What are push factors?
This Egyptian leader attempted to industrialize by expanding cotton production and building a modern army and factories
Who was Muhammad Ali?
This 18th-century development saw ordinary people begin purchasing small luxuries like mirrors, clothing, and household goods
What is the Consumer Revolution?
This weakened extended family networks and led to the rise of nuclear families and class-based urban communities
What is urbanization (or the movement of workers to factories in cities)?
Because of the costs of this, business owners in Britain developed machines to replace workers
What are higher wages?
Demand for this forced colonized regions to reorganize their economies around exports for industrial nations
What are raw materials, such as sugar and wheat?
This major limitation made it difficult for Egypt to industrialize efficiently compared to Britain
What is the lack of coal (or reliance on animal power)?
This thinker argued that vanity and the demand for unnecessary goods actually drive economic growth and national wealth
Who was Bernard Mandeville?
This process refers to the ability of human societies to accumulate and transfer knowledge across generations
What is collective learning?
This industry, already producing about 70% of British exports by 1700, helped Britain transition into factory-based production
What is the wool (textile) industry?
This system produces material abundance and innovation but is criticized for exploitation, inequality, and prioritizing non-essential consumption
What is capitalism?
Japan's period of rapid industrialization is associated with this imperial government
What is the Meiji government (or Meiji Restoration)?
This philosopher criticized consumer culture, arguing that it corrupts morality and that simple, disciplined living is superior
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
A rapid burst of biological complexity in early Earth history, used as an analogy for the sudden cultural and technological expansion during the Industrial Revolution
What is the Cambrian Explosion?
This feature of modernity makes failure feel personal because individuals are expected to shape their own success rather than blame fate or tradition
What is individualism?
This idea suggests that individuals pursuing their own self-interest can unintentionally benefit society through increased productivity and trade
What is the Invisible Hand (by Adam Smith)?
This concept describes how capitalism can make workers feel disconnected from their labor, as argued by Karl Marx
What is alienation?
This thinker first proposed the idea of maintaining economic growth through consumption while redirecting it toward meaningful, ethical, and human-centered needs
Who was Adam Smith?