Age of Revolutions & Ideas
This Enlightenment group emphasized reason, natural rights, and challenges to absolutism.
Who were the philosophes?
This Latin American leader helped lead independence movements across northern South America.
Who was Simón Bolívar?
This country was the first to industrialize due to coal, capital, and waterways.
What was Great Britain?
This process describes how industrial methods expanded beyond Britain.
What is the spread of industrialization?
This economic policy argues government should not interfere in business.
What is laissez-faire?
This ideology emphasized individual liberty, free markets, and limited government.
What is classical liberalism?
These revolutions were led by enslaved people and resulted in the first Black republic.
What was the Haitian Revolution?
This agricultural change consolidated land and increased food production.
What was the enclosure movement?
British factory textiles devastated these regions’ traditional cloth industries.
What were India and Egypt?
This economist wrote The Wealth of Nations.
Who was Adam Smith?
This political ideology argued that people with shared language, culture, and history should form their own state.
What is nationalism?
One key cause of the American Revolution was resistance to these imposed by Britain.
What were taxes and lack of political representation?
This invention revolutionized textile production by mechanizing the way threads were made.
What was the spinning jenny?
This 1868 event marked Japan’s rapid modernization and state-led industrial growth.
What was the Meiji Restoration?
These worker organizations formed to demand better wages and conditions.
What are labor unions?
This 1861 reform in Russia freed millions of peasants but left many in debt.
What was the end of serfdom (Emancipation)?
This empire attempted reforms like legal equality and military modernization to resist decline.
What was Ottoman reform / Ottomanism?
The movement of people from rural to urban areas due to factory jobs.
What is urbanization?
This U.S. naval officer forced Japan to open trade, ending isolation.
Who was Matthew Perry?
This thinker argued that history is shaped by class struggle and criticized capitalism.
Who was Karl Marx?
This movement sought to establish a Jewish homeland, largely in response to European antisemitism.
What is Zionism?
These 19th-century processes transformed fragmented states into their own nations.
What were German and Italian unification?
These societies relied on hand production, domestic labor, and limited technology.
What were pre-industrial societies?
One reason China struggled to industrialize was resistance from this ruling group.
Who were conservative elites / the Qing government?
This movement sought expanded political, economic, and legal rights for women.
What is feminism?