Unit 5 - Nutrition

Ch 17

100

How many grams of sodium can a patient following a DASH diet have?

2,000 mg/ 2g for severe heart failure 

3,000 mg/3g for moderate heart failure

200

What are effective lifestyle modifications to lower blood pressure for patients with hypertension?

Sodium restriction (DASH diet)

Weight loss

Regular Exercise

Smoking cessation

300

What foods would a person typically eat on a Mediterranean diet?

high intake of olive oil, fruits, nuts, vegetables, and cereals; 

moderate intake of fish and poultry; 

low intake of dairy products, red meat, processed meats, and sweets; and moderate intake of wine consumed with meals.

400

A patient with angina pectoris caused by atherosclerosis is being counseled on nutrition intervention. What dietary modifications should this patient make?

Specific recommendations include substituting monounsaturated fats (olive oil, nuts) for saturated fats, choosing plant-based proteins over animal proteins, and incorporating 2-3 g of plant stanols daily.

DASH and Mediterranean diets !!! - cardioprotective

500

What kind of diet/foods are suitable for a patient with COPD?

No specific diet exists for COPD

 The recommended macronutrient distribution is:

• High protein
• Moderate carbohydrates
• Moderate to high fat

Adequate protein is crucial as it stimulates ventilatory drive:

• Maintenance: 1.2-1.9 g protein/kg body weight
• Repletion: 1.6-2.5 g/kg body weight
• Maintaining muscle mass: Up to 2.5 g/kg body weight

Good protein sources: milk, eggs, cheese, meat, fish, poultry, nuts, beans, and legumes

4-6 small meals throughout day

rest 30 min before eating

reduce sodium intake

Ch 18

100

What are ways to prevent kidney stones?

• Drink 3-4 L of fluids per day (moderately active person)
• Water is the preferred fluid
• Increase intake if you're physically active, work outdoors, live in dry climates, or have a family history of stones
• Coffee and tea can count toward daily fluid intake (they don't increase dehydration risk)
• Limit colas and soft drinks acidified with phosphoric acid
• Limit foods high in calcium and oxalates

200

What are examples of hidden sodium?

• Canned soups and stews
• Processed meats and cold cuts
• Quick-serve/fast foods
• Many salad dressings
• Foods with additives
• Breakfast cereal 
• Potatoes

300

What foods are high in oxalates?

Spinach

Rhubarb

Beets

Other examples:

• Nuts
• Chocolate
• Tea
• Strawberries

400

What should NEVER be increased in a diet for patients with nephrotic syndrome?

PROTEIN!!! makes the kidneys work even harder when they already do not work well!

500

What are the restrictions for patients with chronic kidney disease?

AVOID processed foods, fast food

restriction of sodium, potassium, protein, and phosphorus dependent on CKD stage

Ch 19

100

What foods trigger migraines?

caffeine 

alcohol

red wine

cheese

aspartame

200

What risks are stroke patients at risk of that are related to nutrition?

ASPIRATION 

CHOKING 

need swallow study/assessment

300

What kind of foods would be appropriate for a patient with Alzheimer's?

As AD progresses, chewing and swallowing become problematic. Pureed foods, thickened liquids, and nutrition supplements help prevent aspiration and maintain nutrition. Patients need reminders to chew and swallow, and liquids should be offered frequently.

400

What kind of nutrition is appropriate for patients in a coma?

Enteral Nutrition (EN) is preferred and should be started within the first 24 hours for critically ill patients, including those in coma.

Continuous infusion is the most common method for critically ill and comatose patients:

500

What kind of diet modifications are appropriate for a stroke patient, both in and out of the hospital?

• Keep patient NPO until swallowing evaluation is completed
• Speech therapist should perform formal swallowing evaluation within 24 hours
• IV infusions initially to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
• Enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition for severe impairment
• Avoid milk products - increase mucus viscosity and salivation
• High-Fowler's position (preferably in chair) during feeding and 30 minutes after
• Keep head flexed forward while feeding
• Place food on the unaffected side of the mouth
• Assistive devices: rocker knives, plate guards, nonslip pads

Ch 20

100

What is an opportunistic infection?

 infections caused by pathogens that typically don't cause disease in people with healthy immune systems, but become problematic when immunity is compromised.

200

Who is at risk for opportunistic infections?

Patients with altered immune function are at increased risk:

• HIV/AIDS
• Cancer
• Organ transplant recipients
• Autoimmune disorders (lupus)
• Bone marrow alterations
• Those receiving chemotherapy or radiation
• Patients on immunosuppressive medications or long-term steroids
• Chronic illness

300

What are examples of foods to avoid for immunocompromised patients?

raw/risk for undercooked meats

fresh produce (fruits, veggies)

dairy products

deli meats

400

What are nutrition considerations for HIV/AIDS patients?

• Energy requirements: 10-15% above normal
• Protein needs: 50-100% greater than normal
• Malnutrition occurs in all stages of HIV infection
• AIDS-related wasting syndrome: Involuntary weight loss >10% of body weight in 1 month with chronic diarrhea, weakness, or fever >30 days

IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

500

What are ways to promote food intake for cancer and HIV/AIDS patients?

• Offer small, frequent meals instead of three large ones
• Focus on high-protein, high-calorie foods
• Use nutrition supplements when needed
• Select foods that reduce altered taste sensations or nausea
• Administer antiemetic therapy 60-90 minutes before meals to ensure effectiveness
• Monitor for dehydration