Feudalism
Crowned Emperor by the Pope, Europe experiences a brief moment of political unity before it recedes back into decentralization after his death
Who is Charlemagne?
reason for increase in trade and growth of cities around 800 CE
What is population growth?
city to recover from the Muslim forces
pyramid shaped hierarchy in which kings grant land to nobles who in turn grant lands to knights in return for oaths of loyalty and military service
What is feudalism?
church law code
What is canon law?
transmission of the Bubonic Plague from trade routes from Asia to Europe
What is Silk Road?
Pope guarantees this to all those who die fighting in the Crusades
the self-sufficient economic system that developed on the feudal lord's fief (land)
What is manorialism (or the manor system)?
Monumental architecture style of cathedrals built during this time
What is gothic?
new social class comprised of merchants, bankers, and artisans
What is the bourgeoisie?
Western Europeans loot and sack Constantinople
What is the 4th Crusade?
established hundreds of small kingdoms and tribal chiefdoms in Western Europe
What are the Germanic tribes?
most powerful tool of the Church in maintaining its power
What is (the threat of) excommunication?
organizations of merchants and artisans that work together to regulate business practices
What are guilds?
group of Muslim Turks whose power threatens the Byzantine Empire which leads to the 1st Crusade
Who are the Seljuk Turks?
this declines drastically under a decentralized Western Europe under feudal/manorialism
What is long-distance trade?
European monarchs appointing their own bishops within their realms
What is lay investiture?
other name for the Bubonic Plague, which killed about a third of the European population
What is Black Death?
Crusaders successfully drive out Muslim Turks and establish four small Christian kingdoms in the Middle East...back in Turkish control in less than 100 years
What is the 1st Crusade?