The Enlightenment
A revolution of new methods of understanding of the natural world and human relationships between the 1600s-1800s.
What is The Enlightenment time period?
A successful revolution with philosphers like Thomas Paine (wrote "Common Sense") and John Locke (wrote "Life, Liberty, Persuit of Happiness").
No terror period, with long lasring constitution.
What is the American Revolution?
Created the French Empire throughout Europe and placed puppet rulers on thrones to establish elites in Europe.
Eventaully fails and loses territory in Europe and the Americas.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
Had no political revolution. Easy access to rivers and the Atlantic Ocean, access to natural resources-coal, iron, and timber. Capital through cash crops like cotton.
Creation of private property.
Where the Industrial Revolution started.
Where is the start of the Industrial Revolution?
Worte "The Communist Manifesto". Was considered the father of communism.
Wanted collective ownership of wealth.- everyone pools in their labor and resources to evenly distribute everything.
Who is Karl Marx?
English philosopher who believed in absolute monarchy, and that all people are naturally wicked and cannot be trusted.
Wrote the Leviathon.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
Abosolute monarchs' led to bankruptcy from dept to foreign countries and food shortages. Despite 97% of the population being poor, in the Estates General 1789, the Three Estates were determined to be equal.
Eventually creates the National Assembly to write a new constitution, but is refused by their king.
What is the French Revolution?
Included the Peninsular Wars of 1807, Invasion of Russia in 1812, and Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Between 1803-1815.
What are the Napoleonic Wars?
"Ottomanism", an attempt to unite all peoples living in the Ottoman Empire. End of the millet system. Rise in anger towards this event.
Capitulation was granted to outside investors.
What is the Tanzimat Reforms?
What is the Free-market system?
Believed in Limited Constitional Monarchy, religious freedom and that peoples rights should be reserved.
Wrote the Two Treaties of Government.
Who is John Locke?
Time period when the French colony in the Caribbean reliant on slave labor, successfully rebelled against French powers.
Led by Hatian leaders like former slave, Toussaint Louverture.
What is the Hatian Revolution?
Taxation equality, creation of public schools, merit system for military and government officials.
Napoleonic Code set the stage for modern documents.
What are Napoleon's Reforms?
Fastes nation to industrialize. Feudalish was abolished. Westernized with education, law, government, and military. Financed through foreign inventors and government sponsorship.
What is the Meiji Restoration?
Wrote "The Wealth of Nations". Was considered the father of capitalism. wanted division of labor, thought that self-interest motivates economic activity, people will produce more when they are benefited.
Who is Adam Smith?
A French judge that believed in limited monarchy with three separate branches of government each with equal different powers (separation of power).
Wrote Persian Lettters and Spirt of Laws.
Who is Baron de Montesquieu?
The enlightened military leader apart of the Creole class, that influenced Latin American independence with the Jamaca Letter.
Led to the Federation of Enlightenment states in Northern South America, aka the Gran Columbia.
Also known as The Liberator.
Who is Sim'on Bol'ivar?
Con Camillo di Cavour unified this country during this movement. With help from Giuseppe Garibaldi's forceful "Red Shirts".
What is the Unification of Italy?
Trading relationships established with the Mughal Empire. Had interest in India for their Cotton, spices, and jewels. Raw materials were also wanted.
What is the British East India Company?
Equal amount of wealth for all. Wanted all child labor to end, have free public education, and the abolition of private property.
Classes societies.
State control over peoples lives.
What is Communism?
Believed in Direct Democracy in which the government is represented by people to prevent corruption.
Wrote the Social Contract.
Who is Jean Jacques Rosseau?
Caused the creation of Enlightenment inspired constitutions, growth of nationalism, and growth of Conservatism in response to Liberalism.
What is the legacy of enlightenment revolutions?
Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in this movement. The "Realpolitik" then justified all means to achieve and hold power.
What is the Unification of Germany?
Spread of industrial techniques and innovation spread to Europe, United states, Japan. New products emerged, steel, electricity, chemicals, precision machinery.
Emergence of monopolies.
What is the second Industrial Revolution?
Has two groups of people.
The Bourgeoisie- The upper class. Accumulators of capital.
The Proletariat- The working class (lower class). Oppressed by the Bourgeoisie.
What is Capitalism?