UNIT 5 Review

Healthy Aging

100

What happens to metabolism as we age?

It slows as we age, meaning we need to balance calorie intake with energy output

200

Why is it difficult to have a healthy lifestyle?

It is a pattern of behavior that has to be adhered to consistently. Some people may not have trouble going out for a walk or jog or eating the right thing on occasion, but doing so regularly is hard

300

What four aspects makeup Healthy Aging?

• Avoiding disease
• Being engaged with life
• Maintaining high physical function
• Maintaining high cognitive function

400

What three steps does the book recommend for planning an exercise program?

• Check with a physician before beginning an aerobic program
• Moderation is important (so start out small, easy)
• You must take necessary steps to turn intention into action (just because you intend to do it doesn’t mean you will).

500

What are the four types of disease prevention?

• Primary Prevention
• Goal: Stop a disease or condition before it ever happens.
• Example: Vaccines, exercise, healthy diet, safety programs.
• Secondary Prevention
• Goal: Catch a condition early, after it has begun but before it causes major problems.
• Example: Screenings, early detection tests, checking blood pressure, mammograms.
• Tertiary Prevention
• Goal: Manage an existing condition to prevent it from getting worse and to improve quality of life.
• Example: Rehab after a stroke, managing diabetes, preventing complications.
• Quaternary Prevention
• Goal: Protect people with chronic conditions from unnecessary or harmful treatments and help them maintain function.
• Example: Avoiding over-medication, focusing on safe care and supportive interventions.

Behavioral Gerontology

100

Is it true that residents in long-term care facilities are almost always engaged and rarely inactive?

• False
• Resident engagement is often low in long-term care facilities. Many residents spend a large portion of the day with little stimulation or meaningful activity. This lack of engagement can negatively affect mood, independence, and overall quality of life. Increasing opportunities for appropriate activities and social interaction is an important focus of behavioral and gerontological interventions.

200

Should a functional assessment be conducted before or after implementing an intervention. Why?

• Before
• It helps to identify the behavior’s function and guide the development of a function-based intervention?

300

LeBlanc et al. (2011) identified behavioral intervention applications in which of the following areas?

Hydration

Aggression

Depression

Wandering

All the above 

400

What three organizational characteristics commonly found in residential settings reduce the likelihood that behavioral interventions will be implemented effectively?

• Low staff-client ratios that make interventions cumbersome and individual interventions exhausting and difficult
• People who interact directly with older adults often are unfamiliar with behavioral procedures
• Frequent staff turnover so training must be nearly constant to ensure consistency

500

List all the five stimulus preference assessments

• Free Operant
• The individual is given free access to a variety of items or activities, and observers record which items they choose and how long they engage with them. No items are removed. This helps identify naturally preferred items.
• Single Stimulus (successive choice)
• One item is presented at a time, and the observer notes whether the individual approaches, interacts with, or avoids the item. This is often used for individuals who have difficulty making choices among multiple options.
• Paired Stimulus (forced choice)
• Two items are presented side-by-side, and the individual selects one. All possible pairs are presented in a structured way. This produces a clear rank order of preferences.
• Multiple Stimulus With Replacement (MSW)
• Several items are presented at once. After the individual chooses one, that item is put back into the array for the next trial. This helps identify consistent preferences because the same items remain available each time.
• Multiple Stimulus With Out Replacement (MSWO)
• Several items are presented at once. After the individual chooses one, it is removed from the array. This continues until all items are selected. This method is efficient and produces a quick ranking of preferences.

Longevity

100

Longevity is impacted by what two factors?

• Biology: genetic disposition, hereditary factors
• Environment: social class, diseases, toxins, diet/exercise, substance use, stress 

200

What is going to occur by the year 2030 to the population of older adults? Why?

The proportion of older adults (65+) in the United States will nearly double due to advances in medicine, nutrition, and public health

300

What are factors that increase mortality.

• Low levels of education
• Low income
• Fewer resources
• Race/ethnicity alter rates of mortality
• Ex: Black and White individuals who have the same educational level – White individuals have longer life expectancy

400

What is a good range for BMI? Why is BMI sometimes problematic?

• CDC defines a healthy weight as having a BMI between 18.5 – 25
• However, this calculation DOES NOT take into account muscle mass
• So, it may overestimate body fat for individuals with high muscle and underestimate body fat for individuals with low muscle

500

What is the difference between high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)?

• HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) are often called “good cholesterol” because they help remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and carry it back to the liver to be processed or excreted.
• LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) are known as “bad cholesterol” because they deposit cholesterol in the walls of arteries, contributing to plaque buildup and increasing the risk of heart disease.

Chapter 14

100

What are examples of primary disease prevention?

• Maintaining a healthy diet
• Immunizations
• Consistent exercise

200

Secondary disease intervention programs are put into place after__________.

A condition has already started, but before it causes major or irreversible impairment. The goal is to detect and treat the condition early to slow progression, reduce severity, or prevent complications.

300

What are qualifications for Medicare?

• Over 65 years of age
• Disability status
• End-Stage Renal Disease (Permanent kidney damage)

400

What is the dependency ratio, and why is it important?

The dependency ratio is the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 in a population compared to the working-age group. It provides insight into how many individuals rely on others for support because they are not in the workforce. The lower the ratio, the more workers are required to pay taxes and support those who cannot work.

500

This Social Security structure uses today’s workers’ contributions to fund today’s retirees. Name this model and one major challenge it faces.

The pay-as-you-go model, in which current workers’ contributions fund current retirees. A major concern is sustainability, as the growing older adult population and the fact that many individuals rely on Social Security as their primary or only source of savings may strain the system.

Medication

100

Approximately what proportion of all prescribed medications are taken by older adults?

Nearly half of all drugs prescribed are for older adults.

200

Polypharmacy increases the likelihood of potentially dangerous drug _______.

Interactions

300

What is the term that refers to the time needed for medications to enter the bloodstream?

Absorption

400

What are some issues with medication use among older adults?

• Older adults metabolize drugs at different rates
• Previous clinic trails of new medication did not include older adults
• Older adults on average take 6 to 7 medications

500

What is medication adherence, and what challenges might older adults face that affect it?

• Medication adherence refers to taking medications exactly as prescribed. 
• Older adults may struggle with adherence due to memory or sensory impairments, medication side effects, and the complexity of managing multiple medications or dosing schedules.