Enlightenment
DAILY DOUBLE
This Enlightenment idea comes from John Locke and states that people are born with rights such as life, liberty, and property.
What are natural rights?
This document, written by Thomas Jefferson, justified American independence using Enlightenment ideas.
What is the Declaration of Independence?
Abundance of these natural resources gave Britain an advantage during the Industrial Revolution.
What are iron and coal?
This reform movement sought to abolish slavery and serfdom.
What is abolitionism?
This political ideology emphasizes loyalty to a shared culture, language, and national identity.
What is nationalism?
This Enlightenment philosopher argued that legitimate government must reflect the “general will” of the people, meaning sovereignty ultimately belongs to the population rather than a monarch.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
This radical phase of the French Revolution (1793–1794), led by the Jacobins, involved mass executions of suspected enemies of the revolution.
What is the Reign of Terror?
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This invention by James Hargreaves allowed workers to spin multiple threads at once.
What is the Spinning Jenny?
These organizations formed by workers during the Industrial Revolution to demand higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.
What are labor unions?
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This region of southeastern Europe experienced nationalist movements as the Ottoman Empire declined.
What are the Balkans?
This Enlightenment thinker believed life in the natural state was “nasty, brutish, and short,” therefore supporting a strong monarchy.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
Before the French Revolution, French society was divided into three estates. Name all three estates.
What are the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (commoners)?
This invention allowed industrialized nations to communicate over great distances.
What is the telegraph?
This women’s rights advocate wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
This nationalist movement among Jewish people sought to establish a homeland due to antisemitism in Europe.
What is Zionism?
This philosopher argued that governments should divide power among branches to prevent tyranny.
Who is Montesquieu?
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This Latin American revolutionary leader wrote the Jamaica Letter and attempted to unite South America under Gran Colombia.
Who is Simón Bolívar?
During the Second Industrial Revolution, this technological field—along with steel, chemicals, and new communication devices—transformed industry and everyday life through innovations like telephones and radios.
What are electronics?
This early socialist movement believed society could improve through ideal cooperative communities.
What is Utopian Socialism?
This Prussian leader used wars and diplomacy to unify Germany in 1871.
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
This Enlightenment economist wrote The Wealth of Nations and supported laissez-faire capitalism.
Who is Adam Smith?
Unlike other Atlantic revolutions, this one was primarily led by enslaved people seeking freedom.
What is the Haitian Revolution?
This major reform movement beginning in 1868 rapidly industrialized Japan by centralizing imperial power, modernizing the military, and adopting Western technologies.
What is the Meiji Restoration?
DAILY DOUBLE
According to Karl Marx, industrial society was divided into two main classes: the workers who sold their labor and the wealthy owners who controlled the means of production. Name both classes.
What are the proletariat and the bourgeoisie?
This reform movement in Qing China attempted to strengthen the empire by adopting Western military technology and industrial practices while preserving traditional Confucian political and cultural institutions.
What is the Self-Strengthening Movement?