Isms & Ideas
This political philosophy held that people's greatest loyalty should be to a shared culture and history — NOT a king.
What is Nationalism?
This French king sparked the July Revolution of 1830 by censoring the press and trying to limit voting rights.
Who is King Charles X?
Italy's unification was complete in this year when Rome was added as its capital — the same year Germany unified.
What is 1870?
This war (1853-1856) shattered Russia's 'invincible' image and destroyed the Concert of Europe's balance of power.
What is the Crimean War?
This event in Europe collapsed Spanish authority and ignited independence movements across Latin America.
What is Napoleon's invasion of Spain?
The political philosophy that championed constitutions, free press, and representative government — favored by the growing middle class.
What is Liberalism?
Known as 'The Citizen King,' he took the French throne as a constitutional monarch after the July Revolution.
Who is Louis-Philippe?
Known as the 'Brain' of Italian unification, this Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia used clever diplomacy and alliances with France.
Who is Count Camillo di Cavour?
Otto von Bismarck's famous philosophy of 'politics based on practical objectives rather than ideals' — used to unify Germany.
What is Realpolitik?
This priest launched Mexico's radical independence movement in 1810, demanding land reform and racial equality.
Who is Miguel Hidalgo?
This conservative Austrian statesman saw nationalism and liberalism as threats to peace and traditional social stability.
Who is Metternich?
Inspired by France's 1830 revolution, this predominantly Catholic nation broke free from Protestant Dutch rule.
What is Belgium?
This revolutionary leader and his 'Red Shirts' conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy.
Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
Bismarck declared that the great questions of the day would be decided by _______ and _________.
What is Iron and Blood?
Known as 'The Liberator,' this South American leader freed Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador and dreamed of a united 'Gran Colombia.'
Who is Simon Bolivar?
This artistic movement of the late 1700s-1850 glorified emotion, heroic individuals, and mythic national pasts — fueling nationalism.
What is Romanticism?
In 1848, a new French constitution created France's Second Republic, abolished the monarchy, and granted __________.
What is Universal Male Suffrage (right to vote)?
Garibaldi turned over his southern conquests to this man to ensure Italy became one unified nation.
Who is King Victor Emmanuel II?
This final war of Bismarck's three-war strategy united the southern German states and triggered the proclamation of the German Empire.
What is the Franco-Prussian War?
Issued in 1823, this U.S. policy warned European powers not to re-colonize the newly independent nations of the Americas.
What is the Monroe Doctrine?
Replacing Romanticism, this mid-1800s art movement showed life as harsh and gritty, often focusing on the struggles of the working class.
What is Realism?
This all-German parliament met in 1848-1849 to draft a unified German constitution, but collapsed when Prussia's king refused the crown.
What is the Frankfurt Assembly?
The name of the Italian unification movement, meaning 'Resurgence' in Italian.
What is the Risorgimento?
In January 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed and this Prussian king was crowned Kaiser (Emperor).
Who is Kaiser Wilhelm I (King William I)?
These military strongmen filled the power vacuums left after independence, ruling Latin American nations by force rather than law.
What are Caudillos?