Scientific Inquiry
This is a testable prediction used in an experiment.
Hypothesis
This is the thinnest, outermost layer of the Earth
Crust
The type of boundary where two tectonic plates move apart from one another
Divergent
Scientists have found matching mountain ranges with the exact same rock types and ages on different continents. How does this support the idea that the continents were once connected
the mountain ranges formed as one continuous chain before the continents drifted apart
This is the fastest type of seismic wave and the first to reach a recording station
P-waves
This is the formula used to calculate the heat absorbed by a substance when its temperature changes
q = mCp*(change in temp)
This giant sea wave is most likely triggered by a megaquake in the Cascadia subduction zone.
Tsunami
This type of heat transfer occurs when a metal spoon becomes warm after being placed in hot tea.
Conduction
Unlike a law, this scientific concept is a well-supported explanation of why something happens.
Theory
These two specific metals make up Earth's inner and outer core
Iron and Nickel
This boundary type creates a subduction zone when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate.
Convergent
As you move further away from a mid-ocean ridge, this happens to the age of the oceanic crust.
Increases
This wave can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
P-wave
If you have 10g of copper with a specific heat of 0.385 J/g*C and heat it from 5 to 55 degrees C, this is the total heat absorbed in Joules
193 Joules (Calculation: 10g *0.385*50C)
These prehistoric events were caused by the failure of an ice dam, rapidly carving the Channeled Scablands
Missoula Floods
On a heating curve, the temperature remains constant during these two specific events
Phase Changes (Melting and Boiling)
This type of scientific statement describes a consistent pattern in nature, often using an equation.
Scientific Law
This is the thickest layer of Earth, located between the crust and the core
Mantle
At this boundary, plates slide past each other horizontally, often causing earthquakes
Transform
This process at mid-ocean ridges creates new crust and pushes older crust away
Seafloor spreading
S-waves disappear when they reach this specific liquid layer of Earth
Outer Core
You have two equal-mass samples. Substance A has a specific heat of 0.39 J/gC (Copper) and Substance B is 4.18 J/gC (Water). If you add the same amount of energy to both, which will show the greatest temperature increase?
Substance A (Copper). (Note: Lower specific heat means temperature rises faster for the same energy input)
This specific subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest is created by the Juan de Fuca and North American plates
Cascadia Subduction Zone
This type of chemical reaction absorbs heat from its surroundings, causing the surrounding temperature to drop
Endothermic Reaction
This principle suggests Earth’s features were shaped by slow, constant processes over long periods
Gradualism
Despite extreme temperatures, this is the physical state of the inner core due to immense pressure
Solid
These two features form at divergent and convergent boundaries, respectively
Mid-Ocean Ridges and Deep Ocean Trenches
If you find evidence of ancient glaciers and ice sheets in a tropical rainforest, what does that tell you about where that continent used to be located
the continent was once located much closer to the Earth's poles
This term describes the bending of seismic waves as they move through different densities
Refraction
Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of 5 grams of liquid water from 0C to 5C using the specific heat of 4.18 J/gC
104.5 Joules (Calculation: 5 * 4.18 * 5)
the Channeled Scablands contain "erratics", what are these and how did they get there
Very large boulders. Missoula Floods
A substance that requires very little energy to increase its temperature has a low value for this property.
Specific Heat Capacity
This is the principle that Earth was partly shaped by sudden, short-lived, and violent events like massive floods
Catastrophism
This physical property increases as you move from the crust (2.7 g/cm³) toward the inner core (13.0 g/cm³)
Density
Daily TANK! (Send this to another team. If they can't answer, they lose DOUBLE!) This geologic feature forms in the middle of a plate, far from a boundary, due to rising magma
Hot Spot ( or Mantle plume)
This circular movement of material in the mantle is driven by heat from the core.
Convection currents
This area on Earth receives no S-waves from an earthquake because they are blocked by the core
S-wave Shadow Zone
TRIPLE JEOPARDY! A scientist needs to raise 10 grams of ice from -10C to 5C. Using the provided thermal data, calculate the total energy in Joules required to complete this process.
q = m * Cp * deltaT (for temperature changes)
q = m * Hfus (for melting)
Cp of solid ice = 2.09 J/gC
Cp of liquid water = 4.18 J/gC
Hfus of water = 334 J/g
Step 1 (Heat Ice from -10C to 0C): 10g * 2.09 J/gC * 10C = 209 J
Step 2 (Melt Ice at 0C): 10g * 334 J/g = 3,340 J
Step 3 (Heat Water from 0C to 5C): 10g * 4.18 J/gC * 5C = 209 J
Total Energy: 209 + 3,340 + 209 = 3,758 Joules
This hazard involves the permanent sinking of coastal land during a Cascadia Megaquake
Coastal Subsidence
During a phase change, energy is used to increase this type of energy by breaking intermolecular forces rather than increasing speed.
Potential Energy