Long Term Causes and Background
This structural feature of French society created systemic inequality that Enlightenment ideas later exposed as illegitimate.
What is the estate system?
This 1789 action signaled the shift from reform within monarchy to popular sovereignty.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
This group supported radical democracy and the execution of the king.
Who are the Jacobins?
This legal code standardized laws and protected property rights but limited women’s rights.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
Napoleon sought to weaken Britain through this economic strategy rather than direct invasion.
What is the Continental System?
This war contributed to France’s financial crisis by increasing debt and losing crucial overseas land.
What is the seven years war?
The commune of this city exercised considerable influence over the entire revolution through violence and control of the government.
What is Paris?
This faction believed the revolution had gone too far and favored limited/moderate reform.
Who are the Girondists?
Napoleon promoted advancement based on talent rather than birth through this principle.
What is a meritocracy or equality of opportunity?
European powers opposed Napoleon primarily to preserve this diplomatic principle.
What is the balance of power?
This group benefited economically from capitalism but lacked political power under the Old Regime.
Who are the bourgeoisie?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man directly challenged the Old Regime by asserting this Enlightenment principle.
What is legal equality / natural rights?
Robespierre justified terror by arguing it was an extension of...
In 1801, Napoleon made a landmark agreement with this leader.
Who is the Pope?
It was the creation of this organization in 1792 (the world's largest at the time) that allowed Napoleon to conquer a significant amount of land.
What is the French Revolutionary Army or the People's Army?
Enlightenment ideas became revolutionary in France largely because they challenged this traditional source of political authority.
What is absolutism / divine right monarchy?
This revolutionary institution justified violence as necessary to defend the revolution from internal enemies.
What is the Committee of Public Safety?
The fall of Robespierre marked the end of the _______, which occurred during the revolution.
What is the radical phase/reign of terror?
These state-run schools helped train loyal and capable administrators.
What are lycées?
Resistance to French rule increasingly drew strength from this ideological force, which Napoleon himself helped spread.
What is nationalism?
France’s financial collapse was worsened not simply by debt, but by the monarchy’s inability to reform this aspect of governance.
What is the unequal and inefficient tax system / tax exemptions for nobles and clergy?
The Reign of Terror demonstrated the tension between Enlightenment ideals and this political reality.
What is authoritarianism / political repression in the name of security?
The directory of ______ (number of people in the directory) failed because they lack popular support and political stability.
What is five?
Napoleon supported his decisions with popular consent that came from these.
What is military success and popular approval through plebiscites?
Napoleon’s invasion of Russia failed largely because he underestimated THESE THREE factors.
What is guerilla warfare, the Russian Winter and the Scorched Earth Policy.