Revolutions
This leader of the Reign of Terror earned the nickname "The Incorruptible" before meeting his fate at the guillotine in 1794.
Maximilien Robespierre
This 1789 assembly, called by King Louis XVI, included representatives from the clergy, nobility, and commoners, and led to the formation of the National Assembly.
What is the Estates General?
This 18th-century intellectual movement emphasized reason, individualism, and the rejection of traditional authority, influencing political and social change.
What is the Enlightenment?
This system of production, where goods are made at home rather than in factories, was common before the Industrial Revolution, often involving family-based labor.
What is the Cottage Industry?
These organizations were created by workers to protect their rights, improve wages, and ensure better working conditions through collective bargaining.
What are Labor Unions?
FINAL JEOPARDY
The revolutionary principle of separating powers within a government to prevent tyranny, as seen in the U.S. Constitution, was heavily influenced by this Enlightenment thinker and his work The Spirit of Laws.
Who is Baron de Montesquieu?
Known as the "Black Napoleon," this leader was instrumental in the Haitian Revolution, guiding enslaved people to fight for freedom and independence.
Who is Toussaint Louverture?
This period, from 1793 to 1794, saw thousands executed by guillotine under the leadership of Robespierre, as the revolutionary government sought to protect the revolution from its enemies.
What is the Reign of Terror?
These fundamental rights, often linked to the idea of human dignity, are considered inherent and not granted by governments, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
What are Natural Rights?
DAILY DOUBLE
This period, beginning in the late 18th century, saw the transition from agrarian economies to industrial ones, marked by innovations like the steam engine and mechanized textile production.
What is the First Industrial Revolution?
DAILY DOUBLE
This philosopher, known for co-authoring The Communist Manifesto, argued that history is shaped by class struggles and predicted the rise of a proletarian revolution.
Who is Karl Marx?
This "Liberator" led movements that freed much of South America from Spanish rule, including Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Who is Simón Bolívar?
This 1814-1815 meeting of European powers aimed to restore stability and redraw the map of Europe after Napoleon's defeat, establishing a balance of power.
What is the Congress of Vienna?
This philosopher, known for his work Leviathan, argued that in the state of nature, humans are driven by self-interest, requiring a powerful, centralized authority to maintain order.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
This inventor’s creation of the water frame in 1769 revolutionized the textile industry by enabling the mass production of cotton thread, leading to the establishment of the factory system.
Who is Richard Arkwright?
This French military leader rose to power during the French Revolution, crowned himself Emperor, and was exiled after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
Adopted in 1789, this foundational document of the French Revolution proclaimed equality, freedom of speech, and the right to resist oppression.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
This political strategy, associated with Otto von Bismarck, emphasizes pragmatism and power over ideology, focusing on practical and strategic goals rather than moral considerations.
What is Realpolitik?
This philosopher’s ideas on natural rights, the social contract, and the separation of powers greatly influenced the development of modern democratic government.
Who is John Locke?
This American inventor is best known for inventing the practical light bulb and creating the first industrial research lab.
Who is Thomas Edison?
This phase of industrialization, occurring in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, saw advancements in steel production, electricity, and the growth of mass production techniques.
What is the Second Industrial Revolution?
This 1815 letter, written by Simón Bolívar, outlined his vision for Latin American unity and independence, addressing the challenges facing the newly liberated nations.
What is the Jamaica Letter?
DAILY DOUBLE
This economic doctrine advocates for minimal government intervention in the market, allowing supply and demand to regulate the economy naturally.
What is Laissez-faire?
This political and economic theory advocates for the collective or governmental ownership and control of the means of production, aiming to reduce inequality and promote social welfare.
What is Socialism?
This concept involves breaking down a job into smaller, specialized tasks, which can increase efficiency and productivity, and was a key feature of industrialization.
What is the Division of Labor?
This Mexican priest is known for initiating the revolt against Spanish rule in 1810 with his famous "Grito de Dolores," sparking the Mexican War of Independence.
Who is Miguel Hidalgo?