Multi-Store Memory Model
Sensory memory:
Iconic
Echoic
-Everything you see, lasts 1-3 sec
-Everything you hear, 1-3 seconds
(Storage #1)
Spacing Effect
Memory Palace
-The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than through mass study or practice
-A memory palace is a mnemonic technique used to improve memory retention and recall. It involves mentally placing information to be remembered in specific locations within an imagined physical space and then mentally "walking" through that space to retrieve the information when needed.
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
-Something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later
-New info disrupting recall of information you learned in the past
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Amygdala release proteins and boosts activity
Hippocampus
Long-term potentiation
-A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. Left hippocampus damage can cause difficulty remembering verbal information. Right hippocampus damage can cause difficulty recalling visual designs and locations
-An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Working memory (short-term memory)
(After attention is given to sensory memory) Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten; limited- can hold 5-7 pieces of info, lasts about 30 sec
Rehearsal
Chunking
-The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
-Organizing items into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
-Forgetting old memories after a brain injury but being able to make new ones
-Not being able to make new memories after a brain injury but retaining old memories
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Connectionism
Views memories as emerging from interconnected neural networks
Long-term memory:
Explicit memory
Implicit memory
(After effortful processing/practice/rehearsal is given to working memory) Lasts forever
-Facts (semantic memory), events (episodic memory), memories that can be brought back to conscious thinking (in the hippocampus)
-Retention independent of conscious recollection; implicit memories include motor skills (procedural memory) (in the cerebellum)
Mnemonics
Peg-Word
-Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices (acronyms)
-A method of memorizing where each item in a list is said to be related to a pair of numbers and words; hooking words onto numbers for instance
Infantile amnesia
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
-Infants cannot build long-term memories unless they are 4-5 years old because that is how long it takes for the hippocampus to become fully developed (responsible for storing explicit memories)
-We forget a lot of things we learn right away but forgetting levels off after a certain amount of time goes by (rapidly but then levels off)
Misinformation effect
Source amnesia
-Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
-Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, such as on a fill-in-the-line black test
Effortful processing
Automatic processing
-Encoding that requires attention + conscious effort; gaining more experience makes a skill more autonomic; produces durable and accessible memories
-Unconscious encoding of incidental information; such as space, time, frequency,and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
Storylines
Personalization
-We can remember things better if it's in a storyline since our brains are better at remembering stories
-The idea that we remember things that are personal to us; can help by connecting a concept you need to learn to a personal experience
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall the first item (primary effect) first and the last item (recency effect) in a list
Elizabeth Loftus car crash experiment
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-line black test
Encoding
Semantic encoding
-The processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting memory, getting information into our brain
-The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words; long-term memory involving recollection or memory of basic facts
Deep processing
Shallow processing
-When we make meaningful conscious attempts to
remember information using specific techniques that allow us to effectively store information.
-When we use techniques to process
information that are not effective at storing information.
State-dependent memory
Mood-dependent memory
Context-dependent memory
-A state that the retrieval of recently obtained information may be potential if the subject exists in a similar physiological situation as for the period of the encoding stage
-The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent one’s current good or bad mood
-A theory that suggests that information is optimally remembered when it is recalled in the same place in which it was initially learned
Reconstructive memory
-Memories that add details not part of the actual event or omit details that were
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory