Bleeding & Shock
Bleeding characterized by dark red or maroon blood with a steady flow.
Venous Bleeding
What is the outer most layer of the skin?
Epidermis
An intestine or other internal organ protruding through a wound in the abdomen
Evisceration
Tissues that connect bone to bone
Ligament
What are the two main subsystems of the nervous system?
Central and Peripheral nervous system.
A numerical rating system used to evaluate trauma patients based on Glasgow Coma Scale, systolic BP and Respiratory rate.
Revised trauma Score (RTS)
A gas bubble in the blood stream.
Air embolism
Shock resulting from blood loss.
Hemorrhagic Shock
Medical term to describe a scrape or scratch that can be minor to severe.
Abrasion
Fracture of two or more adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows for free movement of the fractures segment.
Frail chest
tough tissue that covers the joint ends of bones allowing for smooth movement at the joints and helps to form certain body parts such as the ear.
Cartilage
How many cervical vertebrae are there in the spinal column?
7
What are the three elements of successful trauma care?
Teamwork, Timing and Transport
Application of external heat source to rewarm the body of a hypothermic patient.
Active rewarming
Period when the patient is developing shock but the body is still able to maintain perfusion.
Compensated Shock
Medical term for a bruise where the epidermis remains intact, but the cells and blood vessels in the dermis are damaged.
Contusion
Movement of a part of the chest in the opposite direction to the rest of the chest during respiration.
Paradoxical Motion
A fracture where bones are broke in several places.
Comminuted fracture
What part of the nervous system controls involuntary functions like heart beat, breathing and digestion.
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the textbook definition of a multi trauma
More than one serious injury
Carrying away of heat by currents of sir, water, or other gases or liquids.
Convection
What feature of veins prevents blood from flowing in the wrong direction?
One-way valve
A burn in which all layers of the skin are damaged.
Full Thickness Burn or a third degree burn
Which type of injury is often associated with sudden declertion and seatbelt-related incidents?
Shearing injury
A splint that applies constant pull along the length of a lower extremity to stabilize a fracture and reduce muscle spasm.
Traction Splint
Medical term used to describe increased pressure inside the skull due to a hematoma.
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
What is the CDC threshold for respiratory rate for adults on infants that indicates high priority for trauma patients?
Below 10 or over 29
less that 20 in infants less than 1yr
A condition resulting from nitrogen trapped in the body's tissues, caused by coming up too quickly from a deep prolonged dive.
Decompression sickness
What condition affects the body's ability to clot due to reduced body temperature?
Hypothermia
Bruising on the trunk or signs of damage to the ribs and sternum indicates possible injury to where?
Chest
What should you do if you do not have an occlusive dressing available?
Use any airtight material, such as inside surface of a sterile plastic wrapper.
What type of tissue are bones formed from?
Connective tissue
What is Cushing reflex?
Increaed BP and decreased HR
The critical time period within which trauma patient should receive surgical intervention to increase their chances of survival.
Golden Hour
What is the primary method by which the body loses heat through direct contact with a colder surface?
Conduction
A condition where the blood's ability to clot is impaired, often exacerbated by acidosis and hypothermia in shock patients.
Coagulopathy
What are 3 things considered hard tissues in the body?
Teeth, bones, and cartilage
A condition where air enters the chest cavity causing the lung to collapse.
Pneumothorax
What type of bones are the vertebrae classified as?
Irregular bones
A brain injury that may cause grogginess and headache without detectable brain damage
Concussion
What should and EMT prioritize when dealing with multisystem trauma patients?
Prompt transport to the hospital
What is the core body temp threshold below which a patient is considered to have extreme hypothermia.
Below 80 degrees F
What type of shock involve systemic vasodilation and massive drops in blood pressure?
Distributive shock
What should you do if the object that caused a puncture wound is available and the scene is not a crime scene?
Take the object to the ER for examination.
What are 3 keys signs of cardiac tamponade?
JVD, Narrowing pulse pressures, Muffled hearts sounds
What are the four classifications of bones based on their apperance?
Long, short, flat, and irregular.
What GCS score might prompt immediate transport to a trauma center if within 30 minutes transport time?
Less than 14
The method by which damage (trauma) to skin, muscles, organs and bones happens.
Mechanism of Injury (MOI)
What is the critical core temperature that indicates severe hyperthermia?
105.8 degrees F
Inadequate perfusion of the body's tissues and organs
Hypoperfusion
What type of injury occurs if the patient is thrown by the blast?
Tertiary injury
A condition where a blunt impact to the chest causes the heart to go into ventricular fibrillation.
Commotio cordis
A strong, white, fibrous material that covers bones and allows blood vessels and nerves to passthrough
Periosteum
A condition where limbs on one side of the body appear to be paralyzed.
Hemiplegic position
A patient has diminished lungs sounds on one side, distended neck veins, alter mental status, low blood pressure, increased pulse and respirations with tracheal deviation. As an EMT you should suspect:
pneumothorax
What are the 5 mechanisms of heat loss in the body?
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
Respiration
Which two cells are most sensitive to hypoperfusion?
Brain and Heart cells
What type of injury can result from an extremity being caught between heavy items, causing blood vessels, nerves, and muscles to be involved
Crush Injury
Which organ is rarely injured unless there is significant force to the center of the abdomen or a direct penetration.
Pancreas
What are the 3 kinds of muscles in the human body?
Smooth (involuntary)
Cardiac (myocardial)
Skeletal (voluntary)
Bruising of the brain on the side of the blow is referred to what type of injury?
Coup injury
You response to a multisystem trauma patient with gurgling respirations and severe arterial bleed. Which should the EMT assess first?
Arterial Bleed (XABC)
What percentage of coral snake bites are dry bites?
50%
A stage of shock where prolonged hypoperfusion causes uncorrectable organ damage, even if the patient survives.
Irreversible shock
A child has suffered burns to the head, neck, and anterior chest. Using the rule of 9's percentage of burn has the child sustained?
36%
What is the difference between a pneumothorax and a tension pneumothorax?
A tension pneumothorax prevents air from escaping the cavity.
A patient has pain, swelling, sensation of pressure, hard extremity on palpation, reduced or absent distal circulation, sensation and motor function as an EMT you suspect:
Compartment syndrome
What is the main difference between open and closed head injuries.
Open head injuries involve fractured cranial bones which closed head injuries do not.
You have a 55yr old male patient and a 33yr old male patient with multisystem trauma injuries. Who has a higher priority for transport and why
55 Yr old male because risk for injury and death increases after age 55.
What is the most severe case of cold injuries?
Gangrene