Definitions
food security
all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
list 4 impacts of water insecurity
reduced crop yield and crop failure
• livestock death
• food shortages, malnutrition and famine
• illness caused by contaminated drinking water, limited to diarrhoea and cholera
List 3 methods of conserving biodiversity.
• rewilding and management and conservation of habitats:
– extracted reserves
– protection of habitats
– nature reserves
– protected areas
– conservation zones
– national parks
List 3 techniques to collect sample data
• quadrats (open frame, grid and point), pitfall traps, sweep nets, beating trays, kick sampling, light traps, capture-mark-recapture
• water turbidity
• questionnaires, interviews
What type of biome has the lowest biodiversity, water and slow nutrient cycling?
Deserts
photosynthesis
the process by which plants synthesize glucose using carbon dioxide, water and energy from sunlight
List 4 strategies for managing water security
• sustainable water extraction and improved supply (piped supply, aquifers and artesian wells, boreholes, gravity-fed schemes, reservoirs and dams)
• reduction in water usage (improved irrigation techniques, growing crops less dependent on high water supply, recycling and rain water catchment)
• education on sustainable water use
• poverty reduction
• international agreement and water-related aid (detailed knowledge of international agreements is not required)
• rationing
List 3 strategies to manage human impact on Antarctica.
• legislation and international agreement (the Antarctic Treaty 1959)
• protected areas
• fisheries regulation
• prohibited activities such as mineral extraction
• protection from non-native animals or plants
• waste management
• tourism control and permits for travel
What formula do we use for Capture-mark-recapture
Lincoln Index
What type of biomes do grasses typically dominate the region?
Grasslands
trophic levels
feeding levels within food chains
Most of our fresh water is found where?
Glaciers- 70% of 3%
List 3 ways to strategies to reduce the impact of waste disposal.
• reduce, reuse and recycle
• biodegradable plastics
• food waste for animal feed
• composting
• fermentation
• use of waste to generate energy
• education
• financial incentives and legislation
What type of data do you consistently get the same result each time (regardless of it is correct or not)?
Reliability
When an ecosystem stabilizes and further growth ceases?
Ecological Climax Community
water security
the ability to access sufficient quantities of clean water to maintain adequate standards of food and manufacturing of goods, adequate sanitation and sustainable health care
Most of our planet's water is found where?
Salt water- oceans 97%
List 3 ways to manage food security
• subsistence agriculture
• increase food production by intensification and extensification
• improved agricultural techniques and efficiency
– aquaculture and hydroponics
– use of selective breeding and genetically modified (GM) crops to developing pest- resistant crops and crops with a higher yield
– controlling limiting factors, e.g. use of fertilisers in areas short of nutrients
– increasing productivity by removing competition from weeds by the use of herbicides, reducing fungal disease by use of fungicides, reducing pest species by use of biological control
• reduction in livestock and increase in growing crops
• reduce food waste
• large-scale food stockpiling
• improve transportation of food
• protecting pollinating insects
• the World Food Programme and food aid
• rationing
What is the systematic deviation between data interpretations and accurate description?
Bias
List three impacts of human activity on tropical rainforests
• deforestation leading to fragmentation
• fuel wood and timber collection
• agricultural expansion
• mineral extraction
• hydroelectric and reservoir projects.
• climate change
• exploitation of individual species
ecosystem productivity
the rate of production of biomass for an ecosystem
• climate change, including changes in rainfall
• natural disasters, including drought and flooding
• pollution events
• inadequate sanitation
• population growth, changes in land usage including deforestation and urbanisation
• competing demands from agricultural, industrial, energy and domestic sectors
• mismanagement of irrigation, including salinisation
• international competition over water sources
• inequality of availability between water-rich and water-poor regions
• differing access to safe drinking water in urban and rural areas
List 3 ways to manage energy security
• increasing energy efficiency
• increasing energy production
• reducing reliance on fossil fuels
• investing in renewable resources and carbon neutral fuels
• development of alternative energy technologies
• investment in local energy projects
• rationing
What type of sample allows an equal chance of selection for research?
Random
List 4 impacts of human activity on Antarctica.
• climate change
• ozone depletion
• tourism
• overfishing
• future mineral and oil extraction
• scientific research