Geography
The Byzantine Empire was located in what is now the modern-day country of _____________.
Turkey
Turkiye
The official split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church occurred in 1054 and was called ___________________.
The Great Schism
The most impressive church ever built is the ____________ and is now a mosque.
The Hagia Sophia
The _________ was the site of chariot races, military parades/displays, and also where the Byzantine Emperors could address the citizens.
Hippodrome
Due to its strategic, geographical position in Asia Minor, the Byzantine Empire was very _______.
Wealthy / Rich
__________ was the capital city of the Byzantine Empire and is now called ____________.
Constantinople
Istanbul
In 730, Pope Leo III banned _________ (images and statues) because he thought it was _______ (false images of God).
icons
idol worship
What are two differences between Roman and Byzantine Mosaics?
Roman = mostly earth-colors, featured animals, daily life
Byzantine = colorful, use of gold-leaf, religious themes.
The Byzantine Empire lasted almost ________ years. It finally fell in 1453 when the ___________, led by 21-year old Sultan Ahmed, used a cannon to breach the city walls of Constantinople
1000
Ottomans / Turks / Ottoman Empire
Like in most societies, in the Byzantine Empire there was a major economic and cultural gap between _________ people who lived in the cities and _______ people who lived in the countryside.
urban
rural
Byzantium / Constantinople was strategically placed in at the intersection of three continents: ___________, ____________, and ____________.
Asia (Asia Minor)
Africa (Northern Africa)
Europe
While the differences between the Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Byzantine) churches led to the division of Christianity, they still feature many similarities. Name three:
Both ruled by bishops and priests
Both use baptism / sacraments
Both seek to convert people to the religion
Both base their religion on the Gospel of Jesus and the Christian Bible.
What are three ways Justinian's Code offered more rights and protections for women?
Outlawed trafficking (buying/selling) of women and girls.
Institutionalized property rights for women.
Allowed women to divorce their husbands under some conditions.
Gave women guardianship rights over their children.
What are three reasons the 6th-9th centuries were the 'Golden Age' of the Byzantine Empire?
1) The building of public works (libraries, schools, aqueducts, courts, hospitals)
2) Heavily fortified city of Constantinople (outer and inner walls, moats, weapons, etc.)
3) The Hagia Sophia (the grandest Christian church in the world)
What are three ways the Byzantine Empire preserved Greco-Roman culture?
1) The Greek language was the lingua-franca of Byzantium
2) Libraries preserved Greek philosophy and science
3) Justinian's Code preserved Roman law.
4) After the fall of Byzantium, scholars fled to Italy where they contributed to the renaissance.
The capital of the Roman Empire was moved from Rome to Byzantium / Constantinople due to the following factors (name at least 4):
1) Constant invasions from Germanic tribes (Goths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals, Huns, etc.).
2) A series of weak and corrupt Roman Emperors.
3) A Roman military that was too reliant on foreign, mercenary soldiers.
4) A major trade imbalance (Rome imported/bought much more than they exported/sold).
The _____________ were both a religious pilgrimage to the Holy Land of _____________ and refer to the intense warfare between _________ and _________ over its rightful rulership. It also created cultural and scientific exchange and learning.
Crusades
Jerusalem / Israel / Judaea
Christians
Muslims
What are the 4 components of Justinian's Code?
1) The Law Code (the thousands of Roman laws still considered useful in the Byzantine Empire).
2) The Digest (summarized Romans opinions about laws)
3) The Institutes (textbooks on how to use the laws)
4) The Novellae (all of the new laws passed after the year 534)
What are 4 interesting facts about Empress Theodora?
She came from a poor background; She was an actress; She was very beautiful; She was responsible for meeting with foreign leaders; She protected women's rights; She influenced Emperor Justinian to build grand structures (ex: Hagia Sophia); She was brave and tough; She was notorious for ruthlessly and violently holding on to power; Encouraged Justinian to not run away during the Nika Riots.
What are 4 legacies of the Byzantine Empire?
-Onion-Dome Churches (still seen in Russia)
-Eastern Orthodox religion (practiced in Greece and Russia / Eastern Europe)
-Cyrillic alphabet (used for Slavic languages such as Russian, Macedonian, Bosnian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, etc.)
-Women's rights (property, guardianship, inheritance)
-Legal systems (Justinian's Code)
Bosphorus Strait
Sea of Marmara
Golden Horn / Dardanelles / Strait of Gallipoli
Black
Aegean
What are 5 differences between Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Roman Catholicism?
1) Eastern Orthodox Priests are allowed to marry, Catholic Priests must take a vow of celibacy.
2) Catholic Mass is conducted in Latin, Eastern Orthodox mass is conducted in Greek (or local language)
3) In Catholicism, the Pope is the mouthpiece of God.
4) In Eastern Orthodox, patriarchs and bishops head the church as a group.
5) In Catholicism, divorce is not allowed. In Eastern Orthodox divorce is allowed under some conditions.
What are 5 major achievements of the Byzantine Empire?
Art and Architecture: Byzantine Mosaics; The Hagia Sophia; Aqueducts; Baths; The Hippodrome; Court Houses
The Cyrillic Alphabet; Byzantium as a center of learning and education
The Code of Justinian: systemization of Roman laws; increased rights and protections for women; codification of laws.
What are five interesting facts about Emperor Justinian?
- Reconquered former Roman territories (Italy, Carthage, Southern Spain) from Germanic tribes.
- Wanted to reclaim the glory of the Roman Empire
- Ruled for almost 40 years (527-565)
- Became Emperor after his uncle, Emperor Justinian I, died.
- Put down a rebellion (Nika Riots) after he increased taxes which killed 30,000 people.
- Had his uncle change the laws so he could marry a commoner (Theodora).
Draw a pyramid of the social hierarchy of the Byzantine Empire:
Monarchs (Emperor and his family)
The Church / Knights
Merchants
Farmers / Craftsmen
Peasants / Serfs / Unskilled Workers
Slaves (sometimes)