DNA
Transcription
Translation
Gene Regulation
Mutations
100
Frederick Griffith's experiments showed that a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria could be used to change non pathogenic bacteria into pathogenic because the DNA from one organism can be picked by another organism, the codes read and the proteins produced. Name this process.
What is transformation?
100
List the enzymes that
1) create the replication fork
2) build a new DNA strand from 5' to 3'
3) join/seal fragments together in the lagging strand
What do we call those fragments?
1) helicase 2) DNA polymerase 3) DNA ligase
Okazaki fragments
100
What is this molecule? What is A? What is B? Which amino acid will be carried in?
amino acid attachment site, anti-codon, UUC codes for Phe (phenylalanine)
100
Why is gene regulation important?
Allows cells to control when and how much of a gene product, such as a protein, is made.
100
What do mutations, radiation, some viruses, and chromosomal translocations have in common?
They all can cause cancer.
200
If the amount of adenine in a sample of nucleotides from an organism is 35% what is the % of each of the other nucleotides? Who is responsible for discovering this?
A = 35% T = 35% C = 15% G = 15%
Who is Chargaff?
200
DNA is double stranded.
Name of the strand of DNA that is read by RNA polymerase to make the RNA transcript?
Name of the strand of DNA with the same sequence as the RNA transcript?
What are the Template strand, Coding strand?
200
List the 3 types of RNA and describe their roles
mRNA: takes the message of DNA to ribosome
tRNA: carries AA to the ribosome
rRNA: makes up ribosomes
200
Where are the codons used in this chart located?
mRNA
200
Which tumor suppressor gene is known as the "guardian of the genome"?
p53
300
The Hershey Chase (blender) experiment proved that the genetic material entering cells contained phosphorus, not sulfur. This proved that _______ was the genetic material in cells, not _______________.
DNA, protein
300
Transcribe this DNA strand into mRNA
5' CGAATCTGT 3'
DNA is always copied (and read) in what direction?
3' GCUUAGACA 5'
5' to 3'
300
What is an RNA molecule that acts like an enzyme? The discovery of this molecule proved that molecules other than proteins can catalyze reactions.
What is a ribozyme?
300
Last Great American Dynasty tells the story of Holiday House, Taylor's home that is in which state?
What is Rhode Island?
300
Describe the effect of the following point mutations:
silent, missense, nonsense
silent: same AA is added
missense: different AA is added
nonsense: a stop codon is created, protein chain stops
400
List 3 differences between the nucleic acids DNA and RNA
DNA: has deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, one type, nitrogen bases C,G,A,T
RNA: has ribose sugar, single-stranded, 3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), nitrogen bases C,G,A,U
400
In eukaryotes, __________ factors must bind to other proteins and attach at the _________ box within the promoter region of the DNA to start the process of transcribing DNA.
transcription, TATA
400
Explain the difference between A site, P site, and E site.
A site - the location on the ribosome where the incoming tRNA (carrying the next AA) binds to the mRNA
P site - where ribosome catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids (new AA gets added to the chain)
E site - tRNA molecule is released from the ribosome (exits) after it has delivered its amino acid to the protein chain
400
How are DNA methylation and histone acetylation used to regulate gene expression?
Addition of methyl groups to DNA causes DNA to coil up tightly and reduces transcription (& gene expression)
Addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins, which are the proteins that package DNA into chromatin, loosen DNA and increase transcription (& gene expression)
400
Which protein found in cancerous tumors causes growth factor signaling to become hyperactive and initiate without the proper signal to do so? Where does the name come from?
Ras protein (rat sarcoma)
500
Eukaryotes: DNA is ________ (shape) and condenses around proteins, DNA replication happens in the _________ (location) and there is/are _______ (one or many) origin/s of replication.
Prokaryotes: DNA is ________ (shape), DNA replication happens in the _________ (location) and there is/are _______ (one or many) origin/s of replication?
Eukaryotes: linear, nucleus, many
Prokaryotes: circular, cytosol, one
500
Eukaryotes must process RNA before sending it out of the nucleus. What are the coding segments called? noncoding segments? steps involved? what is the purpose?
exons, introns
removing introns, splicing exons, adding 5' cap and poly A tail
help export mRNA from nucleus, protect mRNA from destructive enzymes in cytosol, help ribosomes attach
500
Describe the central dogma.
At which step is most gene expression regulated?
DNA contains the genetic code; DNA is replicated in the nucleus; DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus and mRNA is translated into proteins at the ribosome. Most gene expression is regulated at the transcription level.
500
Operons are found only in prokaryotes and regulate gene expression. The lac operon is a/an __________ operon that is normal turned __________. When would this change?
The trp operon is a/an __________ operon that is usually turned ________. When would this change?
inducible, off, when lactose sugar is present and needs to be broken down
repressible, on, when enough tryptophan (AA) is present and the cell does not need to make more
500
Describe how a frameshift mutation would occur
Nucleotides (not in multiples of three) are inserted or deleted from a DNA sequence, altering the triplet reading frame during translation. This shift changes the entire downstream amino acid sequence, typically resulting in a nonfunctional protein.