Replication
The direction of DNA replication
5' to 3'
Where transcription takes place
In the nucleus
Where does translation take place?
In a ribosome
Why is gene regulation important?
So proteins are only made when they are needed
What are the circles of DNA that are inserted into bacteria during transformation?
plasmids
The 3 main differences between DNA and RNA
What enzyme is responsible for transcription, and where does it attach to the DNA?
RNA polymerase, at the promoter
How many bases are in a codon, and how many codons are there?
3, 64
How are genes organized in bacteria so they can be expressed together?
into operons
What are the single base markers that are used to find phenotypes called?
SNPs
What is the name of the fragments formed during replication, and on which strand are they formed?
Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
Which direction on the mRNA is the mRNA strand made?
5' to 3'
What is the important 3-base sequence on a tRNA called?
An anticodon
What proteins allow bacteria to control when genes are turned on or off?
What enzymes are often used to engineer DNA, and what do they do?
restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at a specific palindromic sequence
List the three possible Meselson and Stahl hypothesized DNA could replication, then identify the correct way.
conservative, dispersive, and semi-conservative*
What three things happen to the pre-mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?
A G' cap and poly-A tail are added, and introns are spliced out
How are amino acids connected during translation, and what type of protein structure is this?
dehydration reactions forming peptide bonds, primary structure
Name 3 ways eukaryotic DNA is regulated
chromatin modification (methylation, acetylation), transcription factors, enhancers and activators,
What type of DNA should be inserted into bacterial clones, and why?
cDNA, because it doesn't contain introns
Name the 5 main enzymes in DNA replication and what they do.
Helicase, Topoisomerase, Primase, DNA Polymerase, DNA Ligase,
How is bacterial transcription and translation different from eukaryotic transcription and translation?
Without a nucleus, both can occur simultaneously in bacteria. And bacteria don't process mRNA.
How are all 3 types of RNA involved in translation?
mRNA - brings the message of DNA, is read
tRNA - brings amino acids to the ribosome
rRNA - facilitates the process, helps connect amino acids
Name a way eukaryotic gene regulation can increase the response of gene expression.
By preventing the mRNA or the protein from being degraded
What node is DNA attracted to during gel electrophoresis, and why?
the positive node, because DNA is negatively charged