RNA
A process by which a single gene can produce multiple different mRNA transcripts by including or excluding specific exons, leading to the production of different protein isoforms.
what is Alternative splicing?
The strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA (except that thymine is replaced with uracil in RNA) and is used as a template for RNA synthesis.
what is a Coding strand (sense/complementary)?
The study of heritable changes in gene expression or phenotype that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence, often influenced by environmental factors.
what is Epigenetics?
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically a protein or RNA
what is gene expression?
A mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in the DNA sequence, shifting the reading frame and often resulting in a nonfunctional protein.
what is a frameshift mutation?
A sequence of three nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon in the mRNA, allowing the tRNA to bind to the mRNA during translation.
what is an Anticodon?
A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or a stop signal during protein synthesis.
what is a Codon?
A less condensed form of chromatin that is actively transcribed and accessible for gene expression.
what is Euchromatin?
A portion of a gene that is transcribed into mRNA and ultimately expressed as a part of the protein.
what is an exon?
A mutation that affects a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which may or may not lead to a change in the protein product.
what is an point mutation?
The process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their genome.
what is Bacterial transformation?
A mutation where one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame and potentially altering the entire downstream protein.
what is a Deletion (frameshift)?
A physical or chemical agent that causes mutations in DNA, which can lead to changes in genetic information.
what is a mutagen?
The complete set of genetic material (DNA or RNA) present in an organism, including all its genes.
what is a genome?
A type of point mutation that changes a codon into a stop codon, leading to a premature termination of protein synthesis.
what is a Nonsense mutation (substitution)?
A non-coding region of a gene that is transcribed into mRNA but is spliced out during RNA processing before translation.
what is an intron?
The process by which different genes are expressed at varying levels in different cell types or in response to different conditions, leading to cell specialization.
what is Differential gene expression?
A small, circular DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA in bacteria, often used in genetic engineering.
what is a plasmid?
The process by which cells build proteins, involving transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into an amino acid chain at the ribosome.
what is Protein synthesis?
A type of point mutation where one nucleotide is replaced with another, resulting in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein product.
what is a Missense mutation (substitution)?
The fundamental process of genetic information flow in cells, stating that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.
what is Central dogma?
A regulatory DNA sequence that can increase the transcription of a gene, often located far from the gene it regulates.
what is an Enhancer region?
A laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins by size and charge by applying an electric field to a gel matrix.
what is Gel electrophoresis?
A cluster of genes in bacteria that are controlled by a single promoter and regulated together, typically involved in a related function.
what is an operon?
A mutation where one or more nucleotides are added into the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame and potentially leading to a nonfunctional protein.
what is an Insertion (frameshift)?