The West and the New South
This U.S. legislation aimed at Native Americans wiped out tribal ownership of property and granted 160 acres to heads of families
Dawes Act
What industry did John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie control?
Explain the difference between the New and Old Immigrants.
Old Immigrants: 1880s immigrants coming from northern and western Europe...... Protestants, mostly English speaking and high level of literacy and occupational skills
New Immigrants: 1890s until 1914 immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe -......Unaccustomed to democratic traditions, variety of religions, little education, work for little money. Also, immigrants coming from Asia
Explain the purpose of the Farmers Alliance and the Grange.
Fight against: trusts, wholesalers and railroads. Set up cooperatives and help the farmer!
Define Gilded
the art of applying a thin layer of gold, simulated gold, or other metal to a surface to historical circumstances.
With gilding the intent is to make something appear better than it actually is.
Explain one continuity for Native Americans from early 1800s to 1880s.
Varied responses. Forcing of assimilation, moving them westward/taking over their land, impacts of their livelihood (like killing of buffalo) etc
Explain three major issues that related to working conditions.
Low pay, long hours, filthy conditions, poorly ventilated factories, vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation or reimbursement for injuries on the job. Child Labor
Define Nativism and a group who were anti immigrant.
favoritism towards native born citizens
Labor unions, American Protective Association
Explain three problems farmers faced.
Farming becomes more commercialized and it put smaller farms out of business
Prices for crops were falling
Printing of Greenbacks
Good farming land was becoming scarce though
Banks were foreclosing on the mortgages
Railroads took advantage of farmers by charging excessive prices for shipping and storage
Describe the purpose of the Bessemer process and why it was critical during this time period.
Technique to produce the country's steel at a cost effective and mass produced steel.
Define Plessy vs. Ferguson.
- Supreme Court upheld ‘separate but equal accommodations’ constitutional
- Ruled that it did not violate the 14th amendment applied only to political and civil rights (like voting and jury service), not “social rights” (sitting in the railroad car of your choice)
Define vertical and horizonal integration.
Vertical Integration: a process in which one bought out the suppliers (to control raw materials)
Horizontal Integration: buy out competing companies. Meaning that companies that sell similar products merge
Define the Chinese Exclusion Act and Gentlemen's Agreement. How are they similar?
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): This act banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials.
- In 1892, Congress extended the law for another ten years. In 1902, Chinese immigration was restricted indefinitely; the law was not repealed until 1943
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907): Japan’s government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order
This act gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges
Morrill Act of 1862 and 1890
Define a political machine. Explain how it was a positive or a negative aspect of society.
An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.
Varied answers
Explain two changes for African Americans and it's significance.
Varied Answers
Explain what happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory.
A fire broke out in 1911 in New York City The fire spread swiftly through the oil-soaked machines and piles of cloth, engulfing the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors. As workers attempted to flee, they discovered that the company had locked all but one of the exit doors to prevent theft. The unlocked door was blocked by fire. The factory had no sprinkler system, and the single fire escape collapsed almost immediately. In all, 146 women died; some were found huddled with their faces raised to a small window. Public outrage flared after a jury acquitted the factory owners of manslaughter. In response, the state of New York set up a task force to study factory working conditions
Explain two issues in society that are taking place and then explain how they are a continuation from past time periods.
Rights for women, prohibition, helping immigrants and other have better upstanding lives, etc.,
Explain three reforms the Populist Party called for:
Platform called for political reforms:
1. Direct Popular Election of U.S. Senators
2. Single terms for the president and the vice-president
3. A secret ballot to end vote fraud
4. 8 hour work day
5. Restrictions on Immigration
Economic Reforms:
1. Increase in the money supply
2. A graduated income tax
3. Federal loan program to stabilize prices for crops
4. Government ownership of railroads, telegraph lines and telephone systems
Define Patronage and what reformers were calling for.
-the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected
-elimination of patronage and the adoption of a merit system of hiring...... Jobs in civil service should go to the most qualified persons, reformers believed
Define the 3 key Reconstruction Amendments and an example of how they were not followed.
13th: Abolish Slavery, 14th: Citizenship/equal protection under the law and 15th: voting (men)
Sharecropping, Poll Tax, Literacy Test, Jim Crow laws, etc.
Slaughterhouse Cases of 1873: Americans’ basic civil rights were obtained through their citizenship in a state and that the amendment did not protect those rights
U.S. v. Cruikshank in 1876: Fourteenth Amendment did not give the federal government the right to punish individual whites who oppressed blacks
U.S. v. Reese: Court ruled in favor of officials who had barred African Americans from voting, stating that the Fifteenth Amendment did not “confer the right of suffrage on anyone” but merely listed grounds on which states could not deny suffrage
How did employers try to go against labor unions? Explain three different ways.
Lockout, Blacklist, Yellow Dog Contract, Private guards/state militia or Court injunctions
How is the middle class created? How does it impact society?
Due to the large growth of industries and corporations it created new jobs for millions of white collar workers
Middle management was needed to coordinate the operations between the chief executives and factories
Some women who had higher education started into professions like doctors, lawyers and professors, secretaries, bookkeepers, typist, etc.
Explain similarities and differences of the Populist Party and Jacksonian Democrats
Both sought to reform the American financial system.
Both sought to identify with common American farm and industrial workers.
The Populist Party advocated a federal income tax, while the Jacksonian Democrats sought to use tariffs to fund the government.
The Populist Party focused expanding representation primarily for farmers, while the Jacksonian Democrats focused on expanding White, male political participation
Define Credit Mobilier and the Tweed Ring. Explain how they are similar.
Credit Mobilier: stockholders gave this company a contract to lay track at two to three times the actual cost—and pocketed the profits
*Fraud and corruption and little government intervention
Tweed Ring → a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city
Construction of the New York County Courthouse → cost taxpayers $13 million, while the actual construction cost was $3 million
Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion and was sentenced to 12 years in jail