Classical Conditioning
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
An irrational fear sometimes developed through association.
What is a phobia?
Bonus: What was the animal that little Albert was conditioned to fear?
What is reinforcement vs. punishment?
Name all four of the partial(intermittent) reinforcement schedule types.
What is Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio?
This type of learning depends on mental activity(like attention and focus) and is not directly observable.
What is cognitive learning?
Two ways in which we learn.
What is association? What is observation?
The first stages of learning when the CS begins to produce a CR.
What is acquisition?
What is positive punishment?
Describe the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer.
What is primary reinforcers are innate like food and drink and conditioned reinforcers get their value from association with the primary reinforcer?
This type of learning takes place before the subject even realizes that they have learned anything.
What is latent learning?
Bonus: What is a common example mentioned from our slides? Our knowledge of space and where we are located in the building right now?
A response that has been associated with a previously neutral stimulus.
What is a conditioned response?
After Colten(8th period) and Lena(7th period) began to respond less to the word "can."
What is extinction?
Bonus: If they had responded to a word that rhymed, such as "van," this would be?
The principle that behavior is "stamped in" by reinforcements and rewards and "stamped out" by punishments.
What is the Law of Effect?
Bonus: Who coined this term?
There are three different types of reinforcement schedules.
A sudden flash of thought on how to complete a problem.
What is insight?
Bonus: When you perform similar tasks more and more and your efficiency increases, that is?
Operant Conditioning describes _________ behavior.
What is respondent behavior?
What is operant behavior?
Bonus: Describe the differences between the two.
The process of matching the Unconditioned Stimulus with the Neutral Stimulus.
What is pairing?
Providing reinforcement for successive approximations of the target behavior.
What is shaping?
These two types of motivation come from different sources.
What is extrinsic(drive to do the behavior comes from an outside reward or source) and intrinsic(internal drive to do a behavior) motivation?
Bonus: What is it called when a behavior that was previously intrinsic becomes extrinsic?
Learning done by watching someone else doing it.
Bonus: What type of model produces more of the behavior in the learner?
Mr. Chadwick's sister ruined one of his favorite BBQ restaurants by ordering a grilled porkchop and getting sick after eating it. She then got sick even at the mentioning of the BBQ place.
Identify: UCS, UR, NS->CS, CR
What is:
UCS--Poorly cooked porkchop UR--Getting sick NS->CS--Mention of the restaurant CR--Got sick at the mentioning of the BBQ place
Bonus: What is this concept called?
A form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus.
What is Higher-Order/Second-Order conditioning?
There are four key tenets of effective punishment. Name three.
What is:
Should occur as soon as possible after the behavior
Should be sufficient, i.e., strong enough
Should be certain, occurring every time the behavior does
Should be consistent
The type of intermittent reinforcement schedule that produces the highest rate of response and why.
What is variable ratio? It is the highest rate of reinforcement because it is requiring # of the behavior to receive the reinforcement, but no dip in effort because the timing of the reward is not guaranteed.
Bonus: Which type of reinforcement schedule is employed by checking your phone for social media notifications?
Neuroscientists discovered these neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning.
What are mirror neurons?
Bonus: Describe the differences between prosocial and antisocial behavior.