Memory 101
temporarily holds a small amount of information, typically for about 15 to 30 seconds. It has a limited capacity
What is short-term memory?
the first stage of memory, where perceived information is transformed into a format that can be processed and stored in the brain
What is encoding?
involves conscious recall of facts and experiences
What is explicit memories?
stimuli that help bring previously learned information to mind
What is retrieval cues?
occurs when information does not enter long-term memory due to inadequate processing at the time of encoding
What is encoding failure?
describes memory as a three-part system that includes: Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory & Long-term Memory
What is Multi-Store Model?
type of memory encoding that requires active work and attention to embed information into long-term memory
What is effortful processing?
This type of memory does not require conscious thought and is crucial for performing everyday tasks automatically
What is implicit memories?
type of memory retrieval that involves accessing information without the aid of cues (retrieve information from memory spontaneously)
What is recall?
occurs when older memories inhibit the ability to learn and remember new information
What is proactive interference?
the initial stage of memory where sensory information is stored for a very brief period. It acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses and retains impressions of these stimuli for a few seconds at most
What is sensory memory?
involves thoroughly processing information by focusing on its meaning and connecting it to existing knowledge
What is deep encoding?
type of explicit memory that involves the recall of general facts and knowledge about the world
What is semantic memories?
type of memory retrieval that involves identifying information when it is presented
What is recognition?
common memory experience where an individual feels confident that they know a word or a name, but cannot immediately recall it
What is tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon?
the control center of working memory. It manages attention, coordinates other memory components, and integrates information from our senses and long-term memory
What is the central-executive?
1. type of shallow processing that focuses on the physical structure of information
2. shallow processing that focuses on the auditory aspects of information
2. What is phonemic?
type of memory that encompasses events and experiences from an individual's own life
when you remember information better in the same environment where you first learned it
What is context-dependent memory?
memory disorder characterized by an inability to form new memories following the onset of the amnesia, although memories from before the event remain intact
What is anterograde amnesia?
long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons that results from their simultaneous activation
What is long-term potentiation?
mnemonic technique that involves associating items to be remembered with specific physical locations
What is Method of Loci?
the phenomenon where learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time, rather than crammed into one session
What is spacing effect "distributed practice"?
the tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle
What is serial position effect?
distressing thoughts and memories are unconsciously blocked from entering conscious awareness
What is repression?