Industrialization & Economic Thought
This pre-industrial system, where merchants provided raw materials to rural households, later became obsolete due to mechanized textile production.
Cottage Industry (Putting-Out System)
The social group made up of merchants, professionals, and factory owners that became politically influential during the 19th century.
middle class (bourgeoisie)
In Marxist theory, this group owns nothing but its labor power, exploited by the bourgeoisie.
The Proletariat
These early 19th-century workers protested mechanization by destroying machinery in textile factories.
the Luddites
This principle guided the Concert of Europe in suppressing liberal and nationalist movements, emphasizing monarchy, legitimacy, and order.
Conservatism
This British movement transformed the rural landscape, consolidating common lands into private holdings, which forced many peasants into wage labor.
Enclosure Movement
The 1833 law that created inspectors to oversee child labor was a response to reports published by this parliamentary committee.
Sadler Committee
This concept refers to the awareness among workers of their shared exploitation and the need to overthrow the capitalist system.
Class consciousness
This alliance of Russia, Austria, and Prussia pledged to uphold Christian monarchy and suppress revolution.
Holy Alliance
This Russian uprising among officers sought liberal reform after the Napoleonic Wars but failed, leading to Nicholas I’s reactionary policies.
The Decembrist Revolt
This economist argued that wages naturally gravitate toward a subsistence level because population growth outpaces resources.
Thomas Malthus
This utopian community in Indiana reflected the American adaptation of European socialist principles, emphasizing cooperation and communal living.
This co-author of The Communist Manifesto emphasized the historical role of class struggle in societal change.
Karl Marx
This Austrian statesman coordinated conservative diplomacy after 1815, emphasizing legitimacy and suppression of liberal-nationalist revolts.
Metternich
This 1830 uprising in France replaced a Bourbon monarch with a constitutional king, inspiring liberal revolts elsewhere.
Revolution of 1830
In response to industrial labor conditions, he theorized that government should generally not interfere in markets, trusting natural laws to regulate society.
Adam Smith
This Irish catastrophe was intensified by dependence on a single crop and laissez-faire economic attitudes in Britain.
the Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)
This 19th-century ideology argued for abolishing the state and private property, promoted by figures like Bakunin and Proudhon.
anarchism
These 1799–1800 British laws banned strikes and worker combinations, highlighting elite resistance to organized labor.
Combination Acts
The involvement of Britain, France, and Russia in this revolution showed the limitations of the Concert of Europe.
The Greek War of Independence
He developed the “iron law of wages,” arguing that laborers would remain poor unless capitalism itself was overturned.
David Ricardo
This 19th-century issue questioned how governments should address the consequences of industrial capitalism, including urban poverty, labor exploitation, and class tensions.
Social Question(s)
He ran experimental socialist communities, like New Lanark, and believed that improving living and working conditions could reshape society without violent revolution.
Robert Owen
This set of 1848 uprisings combined liberal, nationalist, and social demands, showing that industrialization fueled both economic grievances and political radicalism.
The Revolutions of 1848
This failed 1830–1831 Polish nationalist uprising against Russian control led to stricter imperial governance and Russification policies
November Uprising (Poland)