DNA & RNA
This five-carbon sugar is found in RNA nucleotides and has one more hydroxyl group than DNA's sugar.
What is ribose?
This is the term for the two identical DNA molecules produced after replication.
What are sister chromatids?
This type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome.
What is mRNA?
The template strand of DNA has the sequence 3’- CCA GGT TGC -5’. If a point mutation changes the secondnucleotide in the sequence (underlined) to guanine, what type of point mutation would it be classified as?
What is missense?
These proteins bind to enhancers and help position RNA polymerase at the promoter.
What are transcription factors?
This defines the 5' side of DNA.
What is phosphate attached to the 5th carbon?
DNA replication occurs during this phase of the cell cycle.
What is S phase (or synthesis phase)?
This DNA sequence signals where transcription should begin.
What is a promoter?
This type of mutation shifts the reading frame and typically has severe effects on protein function.
What is a frameshift mutation?
This chemical modification of DNA involves adding methyl groups to cytosine bases.
What is DNA methylation?
This describes the opposite orientations of the two DNA strands, with one running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.
What is antiparallel?
These short RNA sequences provide the starting point for DNA synthesis.
What are primers?
Initiation during transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in what way?
In eukaryotes, transcription factors must bind first for RNA polymerase to attach, whereas in prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to the DNA.
While often harmful, mutations serve this crucial role in evolution by providing the raw material for natural selection.
What is genetic variation?
This famous operon in bacteria regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism.
What is the lac operon?
DNA is extracted from a plant and analyzed. The DNA contains 22% cytosine. What percentage of thymine would you expect?
What is 33%?
In DNA replication, the two strands of DNA fail to separate, causing the replication fork to stall. This issue is most likely due to a defect in which enzyme?
What is helicase?
These non-coding sequences are removed from pre-mRNA during splicing.
What are introns?
This type of mutation doesn't change the amino acid sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
What is a silent mutation?
This type of protein modification involves adding or removing acetyl groups to histone proteins, affecting DNA accessibility.
What is histone acetylation (or deacetylation)?
What statement best describes nucleotide base pairing rules? Include rules about hydrogen bonds.
Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine, and adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine.
These specialized DNA-protein structures protect chromosome ends and are maintained by the enzyme telomerase.
What are telomeres?
This modification adds multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.
What is polyadenylation (or adding the poly-A tail)?
Frameshift mutations are caused by insertions or deletions that are not multiples of this number.
What is three (nucleotides)?
Bacteria A contains the pGLO plasmid. Bacteria A was incubated with a restriction enzyme and then placed in two mediums, one with ampicillin and one without. Only the bacteria grown without ampicillin survived. Based on this information, what can be concluded?
The restriction enzyme cut the plasmid somewhere within the pAmp gene.