Unit 6&7 Vocab
two mid-19th-century conflicts between Qing Dynasty China and Western powers (primarily Britain) triggered by China's attempt to suppress the illegal British opium trade
Opium Wars
voluntary or forced migration patterns (e.g., slavery, trade) that create ethnic communities, influence trade networks, and facilitate cultural diffusion
Diaspora
a highly addictive narcotic drug derived from poppy plant sap
Opium
was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule, known for developing and practicing the philosophy of nonviolent resistance, or satyagraha
Gandhi
a rapid, mass migration of people to an area where gold has been discovered, transforming local economies, demographics, and environments
Gold Rush
a massacre in St. Petersburg, Russia, where Imperial guards fired on peaceful protesters, killing hundreds
Bloody Sunday
a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb nationalist and member of the Young Bosnia movement who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo
Gavrilo Princip
a World War I (1914–1918) alliance—primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria—that fought against the Allied Powers
Central Powers
a loose diplomatic understanding—later a wartime alliance—between Great Britain, France, and Russia, formed to counter the rising power of Germany and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
Triple Entente
the belief that a nation should maintain a strong military and use it aggressively to promote national interests
Militarism
was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip acted as the immediate spark for World War I.
Franz Ferdinand
a form of control where industrialized nations dominate weaker countries' economies, often without direct political takeover, using foreign business interests to exploit raw materials and markets
Economic Imperialism
the first major U.S. federal law to explicitly ban a specific ethnic group—Chinese laborers—from immigrating, heavily driven by nativism, economic anxiety, and racism on the West Coast
Chinese Exclusion Act
ethnic enclaves—distinctive urban neighborhoods, predominantly inhabited by Chinese immigrants and their descendants
Chinatowns
was the last emperor of Russia, whose autocratic rule and inability to manage social, economic, and military crises led to the collapse of the Romanov dynasty.
Tsar Nicholas II
was a Russian revolutionary, political theorist, and the leader of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
Vladimir Lenin
a contiguous, 1,912-mile railroad line completed in 1869 that connected the eastern U.S. rail network (starting in Omaha, Nebraska) to the Pacific coast at San Francisco Bay
Transcontinental Railroad
the first significant federal law in the United States to restrict immigration based specifically on race and nationality
Chinese Immigration Act
a period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1852
The Great Hunger
was a Siberian peasant, self-proclaimed mystic, and faith healer who gained immense influence over the Russian Imperial family—Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra—in the final years of the Romanov dynasty
Rasputin
a politically unstable, developing country—primarily in Central America during the early 20th century—whose economy depends on a single export (like bananas) and is dominated by foreign corporations, typically from the U.S
Banana Republic
was a Mexican dictator (1876–1911) who enforced rapid economic modernization and foreign investment while suppressing political dissent. His era, known as the Porfiriato
Porfirio Diaz
the first "unequal treaty" ending the First Opium War between Great Britain and Qing China
Treaty of Nanking
was Germany’s WWI military strategy to avoid a two-front war by rapidly invading France through Belgium and defeating them in six weeks before turning to face a slower-mobilizing Russia
Schlieffen Plan
a remote, often overseas, settlement used to exile, confine, and utilize prisoners for forced labor, frequently in colonial territories
Penal Colony