Slides 1-4
What is a schema?
a) A type of problem-solving strategy
b) A framework that organizes and interprets information
c) A memory storage system
d) A physical part of the brain
**Hint**: Think about how the brain simplifies the world to act quickly.
b) A framework that organizes and interprets information
In which stage do children lack object permanence?
a) Preoperational
b) Formal operational
c) Sensorimotor
d) Concrete operational
**Hint**: This stage occurs from birth to about 2 years old.
c) Sensorimotor
Who developed the Zone of Proximal Development theory?
a) Jean Piaget
b) Lev Vygotsky
c) Erik Erikson
d) Lawrence Kohlberg
**Hint**: This theorist focused on language and learning thresholds.
b) Lev Vygotsky
Which parenting style is both demanding and responsive?
a) Authoritarian
b) Permissive
c) Authoritative
d) Neglectful
**Hint**: This style enforces rules but also explains and discusses them.
c) Authoritative
What is the term for semi-dependent adults who are financially supported by their parents while gaining independence?
a) Adolescents
b) Emerging adults
c) Young professionals
d) Dependent adults
**Hint**: This stage occurs after adolescence but before full independence.
b) Emerging adults
Assimilation is when a person interprets new experiences using their existing _______.
**Hint**: It happens when new things fit into what you already know.
schema
During the _______ stage, children are egocentric and struggle to see things from others’ perspectives.
**Hint**: This stage usually occurs from ages 2 to around 6 or 7.
preoperational
The Zone of Proximal Development suggests that children learn best when tasks are _______ their current ability but achievable with minimal guidance.
**Hint**: Think about tasks that are not too easy or too hard.
slightly above
Children of _______ parents often have high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence.
**Hint**: This parenting style balances discipline and responsiveness.
authoritative
According to Erik Erikson, personality develops through a series of _______.
**Hint**: Each stage represents a challenge with positive or negative outcomes.
psychosocial crises
Which of the following is an example of accommodation?
a) A child sees a cat for the first time and calls it a "dog."
b) A child learns to modify their schema of "dog" after realizing cats are different animals.
c) A child plays with a toy they are familiar with.
d) A child applies the same rules of a game to a new, similar game.
**Hint**: Accommodation involves changing existing knowledge.
b) A child learns to modify their schema of "dog" after realizing cats are different animals.
A child pours water into two glasses of different shapes and sizes but realizes the amount of water is still the same. Which stage are they in?
a) Preoperational
b) Sensorimotor
c) Formal operational
d) Concrete operational
**Hint**: This stage starts around age 6 or 7 when logical thinking develops.
d) Concrete operational
In the preconventional stage of moral development, children make decisions based on:
a) Basic rights and ethical principles
b) Upholding laws to maintain social order
c) Self-interest and avoiding punishment
d) Group consensus
**Hint**: This stage occurs before children understand societal rules.
c) Self-interest and avoiding punishment
During adolescence, what cognitive ability develops?
a) Memory retention
b) Abstract thinking and moral reasoning
c) Language acquisition
d) Object permanence
**Hint**: Adolescence involves higher-level thinking skills.
b) Abstract thinking and moral reasoning
What is one reason emerging adulthood has become a distinct stage?
a) Decreased education costs
b) Fewer entry-level jobs and low wages
c) Shorter training periods for careers
d) Increased independence after high school
**Hint**: Think about economic factors in the modern world.
b) Fewer entry-level jobs and low wages
Explain why the brain develops schemata and how they help us in everyday life.
**Hint**: Focus on how schemata make life easier and faster to process.
The brain develops schemata to simplify the overwhelming amount of nuanced information in the world. Schemata help us quickly recognize, evaluate, and act without analyzing every detail of a situation.
Describe one key cognitive ability that develops during the formal operational stage.
**Hint**: This stage focuses on abstract thought and begins around age 12.
In the formal operational stage, children develop the ability to comprehend abstract concepts and think hypothetically. This includes understanding complex ideas like moral reasoning and advanced mathematics.
Explain how Haidt’s view of morality differs from Kohlberg’s.
**Hint**: Focus on emotion versus logic.
Haidt believed morality is guided more by intuitive, split-second judgments rather than rational thought, as emphasized by Kohlberg. He argued that logic is often used to justify intuitive decisions, rather than guide them.
Describe the difference in social outcomes for boys and girls who experience early puberty.
**Hint**: Consider how physical and social development interact.
Boys who experience early puberty often gain social benefits like confidence and popularity, while girls may face teasing, sexual harassment, and emotional challenges due to mismatched maturity with peers.
Explain how Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development applies to emerging adulthood.
**Hint**: Focus on the challenges and growth during this age.
Emerging adulthood is a period where individuals face the crisis of identity versus role confusion. They develop a sense of self and purpose while navigating career paths, relationships, and independence.
Assimilation involves _______ new information into an existing schema, while accommodation involves _______ the schema to fit new information.
**Hint**: One keeps the schema the same, while the other changes it.
fitting; modifying
The theory of mind, where children begin to predict others’ emotions and behaviors, develops during the _______ stage.
**Hint**: This is the same stage where children begin learning language but lack concrete logic.
preoperational
Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg’s theory for being too focused on _______ and ignoring _______ differences in moral reasoning.
**Hint**: Think about Gilligan’s emphasis on care and relationships.
logic; gender
Adolescents tend to seek approval from their _______ rather than their _______.
**Hint**: This shift happens during the transition to adulthood.
peers; parents
Failure to successfully complete one of Erikson’s stages can result in a reduced ability to _______ future stages and a less healthy sense of self.
**Hint**: Each stage builds on the resolution of the previous one.
complete