Structure
The 3 components to DNA structure
What are Deoxyribose sugar; Phosphate and nitrogen bases
The Origin site, found in both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. (specific amounts of them too)
What are specific sites on the DNA molecule that starts replication (multiple in Eukaryotes only one in Prokaryotes (plasmids) they go in both directions of the origin site)
Is a sequence within the promoter regionmade of repeating TATA(AAAAA), serves as the specific binding location for transcription factors
What is the TATA box
Start Codon (both the allele itd represent AND nitrogen bases)
What is AUG and MET
The parts of an operon
Operator, Regulatory gene, Promoter region, Structural genes
The 3 main differences of RNA compared to DNA structure
Thymine (T) goes to Uracil (U), single stranded, ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose
The enzymes used in DNA replication
What are Helicase,Topoisomerase, Primase, DNA polymerase, and Ligase (extra 100 points for telomerase and the binding protien)
the functions of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
mRNA; Messenger RNA; carries info from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
tRNA; distinct transfer RNA, molecules bind specific amino acids and has anticodon sequences to pair with the codons on mRNA. Used in translation
rRNA; Ribosomal RNA, molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes, alongside proteins
The organelle has 2 distinct subunits
Ribosomes (small and large)
RNA Degredation
When mRNA is brown down prior to translation
What DNA is referred to when wound and when condensed further and into larger units (must specific which is which)
chromatin ; chromosomes
The fragments within the lagging strand
What are Okazaki fragments
2 things that protects mRNA, and is added once it leaves the nucleus (one helps with ribosomal recognition of messenger RNA during translation and the other helps with stability of mRNA and protection of it)
GTP Cap; protects mRNA and helps with ribosomal recognition of messenger RNA during translation
Poly A-Tail: helps with stability of mRNA and Protection of it
2 types of mutations and 2 subtypes of one of these mutations
Point Mutations; occur when one nucleotide has been substituted for a different nucleotide
Silent mutations; point mutation that has no effect on the amino acid sequence
Nonsense mutations; point mutation that causes a premature stop
Frameshift mutations; one or more nucleotides are insterted or deleted causing the reading frame to be shifted
The difference between Inducible and Repressible operons
Inducible operons; only transcribes mRNA when the related subtract is present, ex. Lac operon
Repressible operons; Is active by default when repressor protein is inactive, ex. Trp Operon
Chargaff’s Rule
What is the 3 ring distance between two attracted nitrogen bases
Repeating units of TTAGGG at the end of the DNA strand, they shorten with every replication (apart of the semi conservative process), and help protect the DNA
What are Telomeres
Parts of pre-mRNA that is taken out and Parts that are needed/kept
What are Introns and Exons
A silent mutation that flips back and forth on the last codon
wobble effect
Ares of DNA that work with mediator proteins to increase transcription, usually found upstream from the gene
Enhancers
How Nitrogen bases separated in 2 categories (be specific.)
What are Purines (Double Ring; A + G) and Pyrimidines (Single ring, T + C)
The difference between a leading and lagging strand (must be able to explain why it happens.)
What is the Leading strand having continuous replication from 5’->3’ while the Lagging has a discontinuous synthesis, in small fragments due to the strand being 3’->5’ but DNA polymerase only works from 5’->3’.
Description of Negative regulation of transcription and Positive regulation of transcription
Negative regulation of transcription; repressible, presence of protein stops transcription, on until turned off
Positive regulation of transcription; inducible, presence of protein starts transcription, off until turned on
The 3 distinct sights of the larger subunit in a ribosome and their function.
P (Peptidyl-tRNA) Site- carries the growing polypeptide chain
A (Aminoacyl-tRNA) Site- holds tRNA carrying the next AminoAcid to be added
E site- exit
they bind to a ‘silencer’ sequence and prevent transcription from occurring
Repressors