DNA and Heredity
Which of these is NOT an example of a heritable trait?
a. Eye color
b. Height
c. Being vegan
d. Genetic Disorder
c. Being vegan
How is DNA different from RNA?
DNA is double stranded, has thymine and a different sugar
RNA is single stranded, has uracil and a different sugar
What are proteins made out of?
Amino Acids
Give an example of how a genetic mutation may occur.
UV radiation
Chemical exposure
Mistake during replication
Give an example of a environmental factor that influences gene expression.
-Sunlight, pH, diet, stress, temperature ...
What is a gene?
Sequence of bases that codes for a protein/trait
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
Where does translation occur?
Ribosome
What types of cells can pass down a mutation?
Gametes
Give an example of a gene mutation that has a positive impact on an organism.
Could be anything as long as its positive
If a DNA molecules is 18% Adenine, what percent guanine is it?
Guanine = 32%
What is the end result of transcription?
mRNA
What is the end result of translation?
A protein
Nondisjunction occurs during meiosis when the chromosomes do not split evenly. Explain why this is an example of a genetic mutation.
it results in a change in the normal chromosome number within a cell, leading to an abnormal genetic makeup which can manifest as a genetic disorder
Identical twins were raised in two different households. One twin became an athlete and the other twin developed high blood pressure. Explain why the twins are different. Reference genes in your answer.
Certain genes are turned on or off in each twin, which causes the expression of different traits.
Explain the relationship between genes, DNA, and bases (subunits).
Bases make up a gene and genes make up DNA
Put the following terms in order from smallest amount to largest.
Nucleus: Genes: Chromosomes: Bases
Nucleus: Chromosomes: Genes: Bases
A nonsense mutation occurs when a stop codon is randomly inserted into a gene sequence. Will this protein be functional? Why or why not?
Most likely no, depends on where in the sequence it occurs.
What type of mutation is represented below?
O.G. DNA: ATA CCG TTG
Mutation: ACA CCG TTG
Substitution
What is epigenetics?
the study of how environmental and lifestyle factors change how genes are expressed
Why aren't your skin cells the same as you muscle cells if they have the same DNA?
Use different parts of the DNA (different genes activated)
Describe the process of transcription. Include the terms: DNA, mRNA, Nucleus, Ribosome, Bases/Subunits,
Occurs in the nucleus, DNA is unwound and transcribed into mRNA by matching the correct bases together. Then the mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome
Describe the process of translation. Include the terms: mRNA, Codon, ribosome, nucleus, amino acids and protein
The mRNA left the nucleus and went to the ribosomes where it will make a protein by reading codons and joining amino acids together.
If a sequence of DNA bases changes from TTA to TGA, would that result in a new inheritable trait?
Yes, codes for stop codon instead of leucine.
Methylation is an example of an epigenetic factor. What does it do?
Prevents a gene from being turned on.