people
*wasn't enough space, so there are two sets of people on this card
first two people: used x-ray crystallography to generate a photo of 51
second two people: used the others work to figure out the structure of DNA
What was the story behind Franklin, Wilkins, Watson, and Crick?
the type of bond that connects the nitrogen bases in the middle of the DNA molecule
what are hydrogen bonds?
shards of DNA that make up the lagging strand
what are Okazaki fragments?
model that states one strand of a newly made DNA molecule is old, and one strand is new
what does semiconservative mean?
a double helix
what is the structure of DNA?
he did enzyme tests and concluded DNA was the transforming factor
Who was Oswald Avery?
before the discovery of DNA's uses, scientists thought these were the chemical basis of heredity
what are proteins?
one of the two complementary strands of DNA, is behind the other, and made up of Okazaki fragments
what is the lagging strand?
process by which DNA is copied
what is DNA replication?
say the base pairing rules
A--T, C---G
he experimented with pneumonia in mice, concluded that there was a transforming factor
Who was Fredrick Griffith?
a chromosome consists of these...
what are DNA and proteins?
one of two complementary strands of DNA; is ahead of the other
what is the leading strand?
category of nitrogenous bases that are smaller and have a single-ring structure; cytosine and thymine
what are pyrimidines?
viruses that only affect bacteria
what are phages?
he came up with the complementary base pairing rules
Who was Erwin Chargaff?
DNA's two functions
what are: to assist in protein synthesis and store genetic info?
category of nitrogenous bases that are larger and have a double ring structure; adenine and guanine
what are purines?
enzyme that glues together the Okazaki fragments
what is ligase?
enzyme that breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
what is helicase?
they experimented with phages, validated Avery’s work
Who were Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey?
the type of bond that connects the sugars and the phosphates that make up the sides of the DNA ladder
what are covalent bonds?
monomer of nucleic acids
what are nucleotides?
unwound and open region of a DNA helix where DNA replication occurs
what are replication origins/bubbles?
enzyme that assists in DNA replication by synthesizing a complementary strand of DNA, and proofreading its work
what is DNA polymerase