National Unification
These conflicts in 1912 and 1913 erupted as independent states like Serbia and Greece fought for territory as the Ottoman Empire crumbled.
What are the Balkan Wars?
This term describes the intense late 19th-century competition among European powers to colonize and exploit the resources of the African continent.
What is the Scramble for Africa?
This movement rejected Enlightenment rationalism in favor of subjective emotion, imagination, and a focus on the purity of nature.
What is Romanticism?
Published by Charles Darwin in 1859, this concept argues that all organic beings change over time through the process of natural selection.
What is the theory of evolution?
his strong emotional attachment to one's ethnic or cultural group emerged in the early 1800s and eventually spurred national unification.
What is nationalism?
This 1907 diplomatic agreement formally ended the colonial rivalry between Great Britain, France, and Russia, uniting them against the Triple Alliance.
What is the Triple Entente?
Hosted by Otto von Bismarck in 1884–1885, this meeting was intended to ensure a peaceful and orderly division of Africa among European powers.
What is the Berlin Conference?
This artistic style rejected imaginative fantasies to provide an accurate, detailed depiction of nature, everyday life, and contemporary social problems.
What is realism?
This 19th-century theory incorrectly applied evolutionary principles to human social groups to justify European subjugation of "less-developed" peoples.
What is Social Darwinism?
This term refers to the discrimination and persecution of Jewish people, which became a potent tool for nationalistic political parties.
What is antisemitism?
In 1861, this leader of Piedmont-Sardinia overcame regional loyalties to become the first king of a united Italy.
Who is Victor Emmanuel II?
This term refers to an area of control over a foreign territory, often for commercial purposes, as seen when European powers "carved up" China.
What is a sphere of influence?
Founded by Pablo Picasso, this modernist style reassembled subjects using geometric shapes to show many perspectives simultaneously.
What is Cubism?
Founded by Auguste Comte, this philosophy asserts that science and sensory experience alone provide valid knowledge for human affairs.
What is positivism?
Led by Theodore Herzl, this movement emerged in response to persistent European prejudice and advocated for the restoration of a Jewish state.
What is Zionism?
Negotiated by Bismarck in 1879, this treaty saw Germany and Austria-Hungary promise to support each other if they were attacked by Russia.
What is the Dual Alliance?
Following the arrival of American ships in 1853, this period saw Japan rapidly modernize and industrialize to begin its own imperial expansion.
What is the Meiji Restoration?
Led by artists like Claude Monet, this movement focused on capturing the specific effects of light and color in a single moment.
What is Impressionism?
German physicist Werner Heisenberg proposed this principle, which stated that the exact path of an electron cannot be accurately predicted.
What is the uncertainty principle?
This 1894 scandal involving a Jewish captain in the French Army falsely accused of treason split French society for over a decade.
What is the Dreyfus Affair?
This practice of acting for political power rather than for religious, moral, or ideological goals was a key tactic used by both Cavour and Bismarck.
What is realpolitik?
This 1898 diplomatic standoff between Britain and France over control of the Upper Nile nearly led to war before France conceded the territory.
What is the Fashoda Crisis?
This literary style, associated with Émile Zola, depicted human actions as determined by social and natural forces through scientific determinism.
What is naturalism?
This practical application of Max Planck’s theory of quanta revolutionized the understanding of atomic and subatomic processes.
What are quantum mechanics?
his nationalist movement sought to unite the Slavic peoples of Eastern and east-central Europe under a shared cultural identity.
What is Pan-Slavism?