PCR Basics
What is the main goal of PCR?
To make many copies of DNA
What is an organism with genes from another species called?
Transgenic organism
What is an example of genetic engineering in medicine?
Bacteria producing human insulin
What do DNA microarrays show?
Gene expression patterns
What is cloning?
Making genetically identical copies
What temperature is used to separate DNA strands in PCR?
95°C
What is CRISPR used for?
Cutting DNA precisely
What is an example of genetic engineering in agriculture?
Herbicide-resistant crops
What does genetic testing look for?
Risk of genetic disorders
Which process does NOT produce clones?
Recombinant DNA
What do primers do in PCR?
They attach to DNA and start replication
What is gene therapy?
Fixing or replacing faulty genes to treat disease
What famous cloned animal was created by scientists?
Dolly the sheep
What is the purpose of plasmids?
To carry genes into cells
What is binary fission?
Asexual reproduction producing identical cells
What materials are required for PCR to work?
Primers and nucleotides
What is facilitated adaptation?
Human-guided changes to help populations survive
What is NOT genetic engineering: cloning or CRISPR?
Cloning
What happens during the “annealing” step in PCR?
Primers bind to DNA
What is embryo twinning?
Splitting an embryo to form identical organisms
Why is PCR important in science and medicine?
It allows scientists to study small amounts of DNA by copying it
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA made by combining genes from different sources
How can genetic engineering benefit crops?
Increase yield, resistance to pests, or tolerance to harsh conditions
How are transgenic animals created?
By inserting foreign genes into their DNA
How does nuclear transfer cloning work?
A nucleus is placed into an egg cell to create a clone