Memories
A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned.
What is recognition?
Our tendency to recall best the last(recency effect) and first(primacy effect) items on a list
What is the serial position effect?
A mental image or best example of a category.
Matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for solving items into categories.
What are prototypes?
This is the smallest unit that carries meaning. It might be a word or part of a word.
What is a morpheme?
According to Charles Spearman and others, this underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
What is general intelligence?
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
What is effortful processing?
This is an inability to retrieve information from one’s past
What is retrograde amnesia?
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
What is a mental set?
This is the window of time in which learning most easily takes place.
What is the critical period(also known as the sensitive period)?
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
What is standardization?
This is when we voluntarily focus on a portion of sensory input while ignoring others
What is selective attention?
The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information.
What is retroactive interference?
This is our tendency to overestimate ability to have foreseen the outcome of an event after it has already happened
What is hindsight bias?
This is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
What is syntax?
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
What is savant syndrome?
This is a momentary sensory memory of an auditory stimulus.
What is echoic memory?
This occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event
What is the misinformation effect?
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
What is an availability heuristic?
During this stage of language development, a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs.
What is telegraphic speech?
Defined originally as the mental age(ma) divided by the chronological age(ca) multiplied by 100
What is the intelligence quotient(IQ)?
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
What is the spacing effect?
Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when memories are stored
What are memory traces?
This researcher developed the retention curve after finding the more the times he practiced a list of nonsense syllables on Day 1, the less time he required to relearn it on Day 2
Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus?
This psychologist theorized we have universal grammar, a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules.
Who is Noam Chomsky?
This is our ability to reason speedily and abstractly. It tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood.
What is fluid intelligence?