Industrial Revolution
What term describes the shift from hand-made goods to machine-made factory production?
Industrial Revolution
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations and argued for laissez-faire economics?
Adam Smith
Who benefited most from industrialization: the working class, middle class, or nobility?
The middle and upper classes
What is nationalism?
+ Give an example of a country that utilized nationalism to assert global power
Pride and loyalty to a shared nation, culture, language, or history
Germany / Japan
What event directly sparked World War I in 1914?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Which country was the first to industrialize in the 18th century?
Great Britain
What is meant by the term “laissez-faire”?
“Hands-off” — minimal government involvement in the economy
Name ONE problem faced by the working class in industrial cities.
Overcrowding, pollution, long working hours, unsafe factories, child labor
What pseudoscientific belief argued that some races or nations were superior and used to justify imperialism?
Social Darwinism
Name and describe the LONG-TERM causes of WWI.
Militarism
Alliance System
Imperialism/Industrialism
Nationalism
What system breaks production into smaller tasks to increase speed and efficiency?
Division of labor
According to Karl Marx, what two social classes are in constant conflict under capitalism?
Bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers)
What belief held that men belonged in business/public life while women belonged in the home?
“Separate spheres” ideology
What was the Scramble for Africa?
+ What was the planned meeting that came out of it?
European competition to colonize and exploit Africa’s resources
Berlin Conference
Why was the Balkans region called the “Powder Keg of Europe”?
Ethnic nationalism and imperial rivalries created constant tension and instability
How did the Agricultural Revolution directly enable the Industrial Revolution?
Increased food supply led to population growth and displaced rural workers, creating an urban labor force
According to Marx, why is conflict between social classes unavoidable under capitalism?
Because owners profit from exploiting workers’ labor, creating inequality and tension
How did industrialization affect women differently based on social class?
Middle-class women focused on domestic roles and reform, while working-class women labored in factories for wages
Describe how economic motivations made imperialism appealing to industrial nations.
+ List ONE other potential motive for imperialism (non-economic)
Colonies provided raw materials and markets for manufactured goods
Strategic locations / Ideology
What were 4 conditions of the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany must pay REPARATIONS.
Germany cannot hold an ARMY of more than 100,000
Germany lost TERRITORY
Explain how industrialization changed global power relationships.
Industrial nations gained wealth, military strength, and influence, allowing them to dominate trade, colonize other regions, and shape global politics
Evaluate one strength and one weakness of capitalism or communism based on industrial-era conditions.
Capitalism encourages innovation but causes inequality
Communism aims for equality but often limits freedom and efficiency
Explain one way urbanization created long-term social change.
It led to labor reform, public health improvements, expanded education, or new political movements
Sepoy --> Stronger/harsher British rule
Opium Ban --> Opium Wars, Unfair treaties, self-strengthening movement
Boxer Rebellion --> harsh suppression from multiple colonial forces
Analyze how the Treaty of Versailles and the outcomes of World War I created political, economic, and social conditions that made a second global war more likely.
Germany was blamed for the war (War Guilt Clause), leading to humiliation and resentment
Heavy reparations weakened Germany’s economy and caused instability
Loss of territory and military restrictions fueled nationalism and anger
The League of Nations was weak, especially without U.S. participation
These conditions created fertile ground for extremist leaders like Hitler and unresolved tensions that led to WWII