Cell Communication
Which cell signal uses the bloodstream to transmit messages over long distances?
Endocrine
What theory explains the selectivity of ligands to receptors?
The key and lock model
What are the two primary stages of the Cell Cycle?
Interphase & Mitotic Phase
When does the cleavage furrow form?
Telophase
What is the name of the “invisible line” double chromosomes line up on?
Metaphase plate
The gap junctions between plant cells that enable juxtacrine signaling are known as ________.
plasmodesmata
What are the three stages of cell signaling?
Reception, transduction, and response
If a cell fails at the G1 checkpoint, what stage/phase will it enter?
G0 phase
During which phase of Mitosis do the kinetochore microtubules attach to the kinetochores?
Metaphase
How many sets of chromosomes do gamete cells such as sperm and eggs have? What are these cells called?
1 set of chromosomes, they’re called haploid cells
What kind of signaling do bacteria use when their population reaches a certain level in order to attack neighboring tissues?
quorum sensing
What functions as a second messenger to activate protein kinases?
cAMP or cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
What is mitosis used for in humans?
Growth, repair and renewal
When is the DNA replicated?
S stage
In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase 1
Which type of signaling mechanism is most likely used for communication between two neighboring cells?
Paracrine signaling
Which type of membrane receptor protein is heavily controlled and requires phosphorylation on both sides (uses 6 ATP total) to be activated and relay cellular responses?
Receptor tyrosine kinases
When a cell has an uncontrolled cell cycle it can lead to...
Cancer
Which proteins regulate the stages of the Cell Cycle?
CDKs and cyclins
Why is crossing over so important?
It is needed for genetic variability; it makes sure humans get all 46 chromosomes.
What are the three most common types of membrane receptor proteins?
G-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channel receptors
The concentration of Calcium ions needs to be regulated in the cytosol. This is done via an ion-gated channel (that allows calcium ions to diffuse) activated by Inositol Triphosphate (IP3). If a signaling molecule leads to the creation of IP3, and the conformational change of the ion-gated channel is the response, then IP3 acts as a _______ ________ in the signal transduction pathway.
secondary messenger or relay molecule
What is the difference between cytokinesis and mitosis?
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, while cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.
During anaphase, kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull chromosomes apart by depolymerizing into tubulin subunits at which end?
The kinetochore end
Besides crossing over there is another way chromosomes are randomized. In what stage does this further genetic variation occur?
Metaphase 1