Patterns of Heredity
What is a dominant allele/trait?
An allele/trait that overpowers or shows through all the others.
What is a gene?
A specific portion or part of the DNA sequence that codes for a certain trait/protein.
What is reproduction?
When organisms are able to make more living organisms.
What is genetic modification?
When the DNA of organisms have been altered by humans to produce a specific trait.
A computer model of cells can simulate the stages of cell reproduction quite well. Why is it also beneficial to use a microscope to observe actual cells during the process of cell reproduction?
Ⓐ The observation with the microscope is the same each time.
Ⓑ The observation with the microscope may reveal additional unknown details.
Ⓒ The observation with the microscope is easier than a computer model to view.
Ⓓ The observation with the microscope may provide the dividing events in sequence.
Ⓑ The observation with the microscope may reveal additional unknown details.
What is an recessive allele/trait?
An allele/trait that only shows up when both copies of the gene codes for the recessive phenotype and is easily covered up by the dominant one.
What is a chromosome?
Which reproductive process is represented by the diagram A? (Drawing on the Board)
Ⓐ asexual reproduction
Ⓑ fertilization
Ⓒ meiosis
Ⓓ mitosis
Ⓓ mitosis
The GM corn called Bt corn produces toxins that kill the European corn borer and its relatives. Can these insects develop resistance to the toxins produced in Bt corn?
A) It is impossible for insects to develop resistance to Bt corn.
B) It is unlikely that insects will develop resistance to Bt corn.
C) Under certain conditions insects may develop resistance to Bt corn.
D) It is almost certain that insects will develop resistance to Bt corn.
E) Insects are already resistant to the toxins produced in Bt corn.
D) It is almost certain that insects will develop resistance to Bt corn.
In humans, having brown hair is dominant to having blond hair. How is it possible that two brown-haired parents have a blond-haired child?
Ⓐ Both parents have brown hair but their genotype is homozygous.
Ⓑ Both parents have brown hair but their genotype is heterozygous.
Ⓒ One parent has an allele for blond hair that was passed on to the child.
Ⓓ The brown hair alleles changed to blond hair when inherited by the child.
Ⓑ Both parents have brown hair but their genotype is heterozygous.
Explain and give an example of each:
heterozygous
homozygous
heterozygous (mixed)
--- one copy of the gene is recessive and the other copy is dominant
--- Example: Aa
homozygous (same)
--- both copies of the gene are either recessive OR dominant
--- Example: AA
--- Example: aa
Name the 4 base pairs found in DNA.
A - adenosine
G - guanine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
Which reproductive process is represented by the diagram B? (Drawing on the Board)
Ⓐ asexual reproduction
Ⓑ fertilization
Ⓒ meiosis
Ⓓ mitosis
Ⓒ meiosis
Most foods derived from genetically modified crops contain:
A) The same number of genes as food produced from conventional crops.
B) The same number of genes as foods produced from hybrid crops.
C) One or two additional genes.
D) Hundreds of additional genes.
E) No genes at all.
C) One or two additional genes.
An experiment was set up to test the hypothesis that all plants will grow faster in a "super soil" versus regular potting soil. Six identical plants were tested, three in the "super soil" and three in regular potting soil. All plants received the same amount of water, light and fertilizer. Which of the following items would improve the experiment?
Ⓐ add more types of plants
Ⓑ test one plant with no fertilizer
Ⓒ use different soils for each plant
Ⓓ expose all six plants to green light
Ⓐ add more types of plants
In chipmunks, the dominant allele (H) codes for short-haired fur and the recessive allele (h) codes for long-haired fur. What is the probability that the offspring of a cross between a male chipmunk (Hh) and a female chipmunk (hh) will have either fur type?
Ⓐ 50% of offspring will have long-haired fur.
Ⓑ 25% of offspring will have short-haired fur.
Ⓒ 100% of offspring will have long-haired fur.
Ⓓ 100% of offspring will have short-haired fur.
Ⓐ 50% of offspring will have long-haired fur.
Which of the following statements about DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is NOT true?
Ⓐ Varied chromosomes make up DNA.
Ⓑ Genes are comprised of segments of DNA.
Ⓒ Genetic material is passed from parent to offspring via DNA.
Ⓓ DNA is a set of instructions which determines the traits of an organism
Ⓐ Varied chromosomes make up DNA.
Which of the following statements about cell reproduction is true?
Ⓐ Mitosis is a form of sexual reproduction.
Ⓑ Meiosis is a form of asexual reproduction.
Ⓒ The cells produced by mitosis are genetically identical to parent cells.
Ⓓ The cells produced by meiosis are genetically identical to parent cells
Ⓒ The cells produced by mitosis are genetically identical to parent cells.
Some varieties of food crops have been genetically modified in an effort to improve upon a certain trait, such as pest resistance or longer shelf life. However, there are also concerns with genetically modified crops. Which of the following is most likely a concern about genetically modified crops?
Ⓐ There may be an increase in global food prices.
Ⓑ There may be an increase in pest populations that adapt to the modified traits in the crops.
Ⓒ There may be a decrease in the range of environmental conditions in which a crop can survive.
Ⓓ There may be a decrease in the amount of time that fruits or vegetables stay fresh in the supermarket.
Ⓑ There may be an increase in pest populations that adapt to the modified traits in the crops.
Scientists once thought that protein was the molecule that was responsible for heredity. Later, scientists discovered it was DNA. It has since become accepted that DNA is the molecule responsible for heredity. How did the scientific community confirm DNA as the hereditary molecule?
Ⓐ Scientists decided that the original explanation was too old and needed to be replaced without new observations and data.
Ⓑ Scientists experimented with each hypothesis and found that both of them had similar evidence, observations, and data.
Ⓒ Scientists tested each hypothesis and revised their explanation with the new evidence because it better supported their observations and data.
Ⓓ Scientists argued each hypothesis and the new explanation was more popular, despite better evidence from the old theory’s observations and data.
Ⓒ Scientists tested each hypothesis and revised their explanation with the new evidence because it better supported their observations and data.
A wasp is a flying insect. In wasps, wing length is coded for by a single gene. Two scientists studying wasps hypothesize that short wings are recessive to long wings. Which of the following observations best supports this hypothesis?
Ⓐ Wasps with long wings are less likely to survive.
Ⓑ Wasps with long wings can produce offspring with short wings.
Ⓒ Wasps have wing lengths ranging from very long to very short.
Ⓓ Wasps with short wings prefer to mate with wasps with long wings.
Ⓑ Wasps with long wings can produce offspring with short wings.
What is DNA made up of?
Nucleotides and phosphate sugars
Give 4 differences between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
1. Asexual = 1 parent ---- Sexual = 2 parents
2. Asexual = identical ---- Sexual = genetic variation
3. Asexual = involves mitosis ---- Sexual = involves meiosis
4. Asexual = binary fission, fragmentation, budding ---- Sexual = fusion of gametes
A scientist has genetically modified a salmon that can grow three times larger than a native species. The modified salmon swims slower and has a shorter lifespan than the native species. Which statement below best describes a concern if this genetically modified salmon is accidentally released into the wild?
Ⓐ The native salmon could swim slower.
Ⓑ The lifespan of native salmon could decrease.
Ⓒ The modified salmon could breed with native salmon, altering the offspring's fitness for the environment.
Ⓓ The presence of the modified salmon could cause a decrease in the amount of native salmon caught in fishing nets.
Ⓒ The modified salmon could breed with native salmon, altering the offspring's fitness for the environment.
Ricardo wanted to conduct an investigation to determine what color light is best for plant growth. He predicted that orange light will cause tomato plants to grow the tallest. He developed the following steps to conduct his investigation:
What essential part of his investigation is missing?
Ⓐ a question
Ⓑ a hypothesis
Ⓒ a control group
Ⓓ an outcome variable (dependent variable)
Ⓒ a control group