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the texture of a rock is based upon the:
grains (particles that make it up)
What are P waves?
waves that can move through liquids and solids
a form of current that moves heat in a circular motion over and over again:
convection
This causes our tectonic plates to move and shift within the Earth vey slowly. Ovens may use convection currents also (for an even bake). This circling of heat below us is important also as parts of Earth would overheat if the circling motion did not occur.
a property that describes how light reflects off of a mineral's surface:
luster
(we use terms such as metallic, glassy, pearly, dull....to describe the luster of a mineral)
Rocks are made up of:
one or more minerals
What is a geologist?
a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and history of Earth, monitors environmental hazards (i.e. earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis and landslides), and contributes to climate change discussions
A solid, has a crystal structure, forms by inorganic processes, and has a definite chemical composition:
a mineral
If we had the ability to go into the depths of Earth, we would experience what with the temp and pressure?
an INCREASE in pressure and an INCREASE in temperature
This describes which Earth layer?
solid metal--> mostly made of Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) --> extreme pressure here
inner core
As seismic waves pass through areas of different densities, they will:
shift/bend (refract) ***this tells us new/different material is present
Weathering is the process of the ______ of minerals into smaller pieces.
breakdown
the solid part of Earth, including rocks, minerals, landforms (from the mountains to the tiniest grains of sand), oceanic crust, Earth’s crust/mantle/core
geosphere
small particles of rock that come togetherer to form rocks are known as:
sediments
Geologists use both ____ and ____ evidence to understand inner Earth.
direct and indirect
Direct means they can get something directly such as a volcanic rock (to examine).
Indirect means they cannot get to something (ex. we cannot go into Earth's deeper layers so we use INDIRECT ways such as sending seismic waves out to gather data)
The process by which sediments are laid down/dropped is known as:
deposition
These are created by an explosion or use of vibration plates:
seismic waves
What is the difference between mineral cleavage and fracture?
a mineral splits into beautiful flat sheets- cleavage
a mineral breaks into uneven, jagged pieces- fracture
Exploring the rocks of mountains which slowly bring up older rocks as they form, is an example of geologists gathering _____ evidence.
direct
What are S waves?
waves that can only move through solids
This scale is used to measure the hardness of a mineral:
Mohs Scale
the property that describes the color of a mineral's powder:
streak
rock grains that we can easily see are known as:
coarse grains
List the steps of sedimentary rock formation:
weathering- breaks it (into smaller particles)
erosion- takes it (moves it- wind, water, etc.)
deposition- drops it (lays it down)
compaction- sediments begin to get pressed together
cementation- sediments adhere (attach) to each other
To solve for density we divide mass by _____.
volume
This describes which Earth layer?
forms Earth’s outer layer, solid rock (includes our dry land and the ocean floor), made mostly of Oxygen (O) & Silicon (Si)
crust