We simplify our world using this term, just like a cab driver organizes NYC by boroughs, then neighborhoods, then streets
What are heirarchies
100
These are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution - but are often hard and time-consuming
What is an algorithm
100
An example of this would be if one thought "all tall people must be good at basketball"
What is a representative heuristic
100
Frame this sentence in a different light:
"over 10% of patients have at least one major complication with surgery"
What is "90% of patients have zero major complications with surgery"
100
This include the smallest distinctive sounds - and how many are there?
What are phonemes - about 40
200
When our mental image incorporates all or most of a person's features into one category (i.e. "Asian" or "Caucasian"
What is a prototype
200
During this type of thinking, the temporal lobe right above the ear fires "all of a sudden"
What is insight
200
This occurs when you "have a friend who's 3rd cousin had that very same thing happen to them last week!" - relying on anecdotal evidence often from a single vivid case
What is the availability heuristic
200
When asked how to turn on the cold water faucet in the bathroom - we likely get a(n) ___________ in our head of what to do
What is an implicit image - not an explicit
200
These are the smallest unit of language that carries meaning
Ex: Pre, Pro, Ed
What are morphemes
300
When is the best time to learn a new language? Why?
What is childhood - once a person reaches teenage/adulthood, they may not be able to produce sounds that they were never introduced to as a child
300
List 3 of the 5 components to creativity
What is 1) expertise 2) imaginative thinking skills 3) a venturesome personality 4) intrinsic motivation 5) creative environment
300
Wisdom is born out of experience, and most students think they can write their paper in 2 hours - but in reality it probably takes closer to 4...what does this represent?
What is overconfidence
300
Which is more effective - outcome simulation or process simulation - provide an example
What is process simulation - Olympic athletes, concert pianist who was imprisoned
300
This refers to the rules we use to order our words correctly to form sentences
What is syntax
400
An example of this hypothesis are the Hopi tribe who have no past tense and only speak in the present or future tenses
What is the Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis - different languages impose different conceptions of reality
400
An example of this was the alleged link between autism and vaccinations - in spite of the multiple studies proving otherwise, many focused on one study (which turned out to be falsely completed and represented)
What is confirmation bias
400
During presidential elections, many people experience this phenomenon - if they see a candidate one way, it takes more compelling evidence to change their beliefs than it did to create them
What is the belief perseverance phenomenon
400
Explain the Critical or Sensitive Period for mastering language
What is when a young brain does not learn any language - its language learning capacity never fully develops
400
These rules derive meaning
Ex: "ed" means in the past
What are semantics
500
Explain Chomsky's Inborn Universal Grammar theory
What is kids acquire words/grammar at too extraordinary a rate to be explained only by learning principles - felt there was an internal switch box that will just "flip on" called language acquisition device - and that there was universal grammar building blocks
500
This tendency occurs when we can only think of a familiar function for an object and not imagine any alternate uses
What is functional fixedness
500
What are the 4 reasons we fear things?
What is
1) we fear what our ancestral history has prepared us to fear
2) we fear what we cannot control
3) we fear what is immediate (smoking vs. flying)
4) we fear what is most readily available in memory (thousands of safe car trips vs. 9/11 images)
500
This type of speech is often in short 2 word chops with a noun and a verb - at what age does it develop?
What is telegraphic speech - around 2 years old
500
Explain receptive vs. productive language
What is Receptive - can discriminate speech sounds and can read lips and comprehend speech
Productive - can actually produce words