Absolutism
Who held total control over the government?
Monarchs
What did Europeans began to challenge?
Universe and humanity
What intellectual movement is centered on?
Reason, logic, and natural laws
What became a constitutional monarchy?
England
Who got heavy taxation placed on them?
Peasants
What was the system?
Absolutism
How did thinkers promote knowledge?
Observation and experimentation
Who believed that people were born with naturals rights?
John Locke
What Bill limited royal authority?
How is the storming of the Bastille viewed as?
Symbolic act against royal tyranny, motivated by fear of a royak attack and the need for weapons
What is divide right?
Belief that Kings and queens received their authority directly from god.
Who made the heliocentric model?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Who strongly defended freedom of speech and religion?
Voltaire
What article created a weak central government?
Articles of Confederation
What did beheading the king and queen show?
Show the power of the people's voices
How did they expand their nations?
Costly wars
Who supported the idea that the Earth revolved around the Sun?
Galileo Galilei
Who described government as a social contract?
Thomas Hobbes
Who lacked the power to collect taxes?
Congress
Who crowned himself as emperor?
Napoleon Bonaparte
What weakens the state?
Who made the telescope?
Galileo Galilei
What challenged Church authority and promoted reason?
Diderot's Encyclopedia
Who ruled as Lord Protector?
Oliver Cromwell
What was Napolean last battle in which he got defeated?
Waterloo