Grass Lands
unfenced grasslands are called
rangelands
IUCN has established more than ________ Marine Protected Areas worldwide
5,800
Oldest US National Park
Yellowstone
What percent of wood is wasted in the US
60%
% of earths biodiversity Hotspots
2%
Controlling grazing livestock can help sustain
grassland productivity
Some proposals to sustaining aquatic biodiversity
–Complete the mapping of the world’s aquatic biodiversity.
–Identify and preserve the world’s aquatic biodiversity hotspots.
–Create large/fully protected marine reserves to promote marine ecosystem recovery.
–Initiate global ecological restoration projects.
Reduce poverty in areas near protected lands and waters.
Most parks are too _______ to maintain large animal species
small
How can we manage forests better
Recognize value of ecosystem services
Use more selective cutting in forests
Phase out government subsidies and tax breaks that favor deforestation
By certifying lumber/wood products as sustainable, full cost pricing for consumers
Economic rewards for sustainable forestry
Encourage tree planting programs and protect diverse forest areas
Year that UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was outlined
2005
2 impacts of overgrazing are
–Harms grass roots
–Reduces grass cover
–Causes soil erosion/compaction, lowers soil’s capacity to hold water
–Leads to invasion of plants that cattle will not eat
Two type of commercial fishing are
Trawling
Drift Netting
Purse Seining
Long Lining
% of earths land that is either strictly or partially protected
13%
Deforestation has eliminated what % of all forests in last 8,000 years
50%
One way to repair ecosystem damage
–Ecological restoration: returning degraded habitats and ecosystems as close as possible to their natural state
–Rehabilitating ecosystems without trying to restore their original condition
–Replacing degraded ecosystems, like forests, with productive pastureland
Creating artificial ecosystems
Managed grasslands are known as
pastures
2 Threats to marine systems are
dredging, trawling, changing sea levels, warming ocean waters
What decade was the Wilderness Protection Act
1960’s
Old growth forest untouched for at least
200 Years
Most globally biodiverse regions are
Africa Gold Coast, Polynesian/Indonesian Islands, Everglades, Central America, Andes Mountains, Amazon River Basin
% of land covered by grassland
25% or 1/4
2 Threats to freshwater systems are
habitat loss, degraded water flows, biodiversity loss (dam building, excessive water withdrawal)
2nd US National Park
Yosemite
% of land covered by forest
1/3 or 33%
Two points of the Five Point Plan
–Inventory all of the species found in terrestrial ecosystems along with the ecosystem services they provide
–Identify threatened terrestrial ecosystems with potential for recovery
–Protect endangered plants/ecosystem services
– Restore degraded ecosystems
Make development biodiversity friendly—provide financial incentives/tax breaks for conservation