Causes of Exploration
What were Europeans searching for by finding and exploring a new sea route to Asia?
Spices and luxury goods (gold, jewels, etc.)
Who sailed for Spain in 1492 and reached the Caribbean?
Christopher Columbus
What tool helped sailors determine direction?
Compass
What happened to many indigenous populations after European contact?
Significant decline in population
What was exchanged from the Old World to the New World?
Horses, diseases, sugar, wheat
What was the primary cash crop in the Caribbean that used enslaved labor?
Sugar
What were the three main motives for exploration often summarized as? (3 G's)
God, Gold, Glory
What did Bartholomeu Dias accomplish in 1488?
He discovered a route around the tip of Africa to the Indian Ocean Complex
What ship design allowed for better ocean travel?
Caravel
Which two civilizations were conquered by Spanish conquistadors during the Age of Exploration?
Aztecs and Incas
What American food had the biggest impact on European population growth?
The potato
Sponsor
How did goods being traded from Asia to the Middle East, to the Mediterranean Sea and Africa, and finally to Western Europe impact the prices of goods?
Made goods far too expensive
Who conquered the Aztec Empire?
Hernan Cortez
What tool helped sailors determine latitude by measuring the stars?
Astrolabe
What epidemic devastated the Inca Empire before Pizarro's conquest?
(1) Smallpox (2) Influenza
What deadly impact did the Columbian Exchange have on Native Americans?
Epidemics like smallpox led to massive population loss
An economic system where colonies provide raw materials to benefit the mother country
Mercantilism
What were the two reasons Portugal the first country to sponsor major explorations?
(1) Coastal city (on the water)
(2) Very powerful Navy (because they were located on the water)
Which Portuguese explorer was the first to reach India by sea?
Vasco da Gama
What technology, originally from China, helped Europeans conquer indigenous peoples?
Gunpowder
What system forced indigenous people to work for Spanish colonists?
Encomienda system
What major economic change occurred due to labor shortages in the New World as Native American slaves rapidly died?
Slave labor from Africa
A business where investors pool resources to fund colonies and share profits
Joint Stock Company
What was the impact of the Renaissance on exploration?
(1) Sparked curiosity and (2) encouraged technological innovation and discovery
What agreement divided the world between Spain and Portugal in 1494?
Bonus 50pts: Who signed off on/decided on this division?
The Treaty of Tordesillas (Line of demarcation)
Bonus: The Pope
What is a portolani?
Highly detailed map using during the Age of exploration
How did Cortés defeat the Aztecs despite being vastly outnumbered?
He formed alliances with native tribes who also hated the Aztecs
What was the name of the element of the Columbian exchange that brought enslaved people from Africa to the Americas for free labor?
The Transatlantic slave trade
Within the Spanish hierarchy established in the Americas were individuals who had one parent who was Spanish born, and another who was indigenous or not Spanish born. These 2 groups of people were called
Put the following groups in hierarchical order from the TOP of Spanish-American society to the BOTTOM. (A) Mullatos (B) Spanish born (C) Spanish descendants (children of Spanish citizens) (D) Indian & African slaves
1 Top tier-
2nd tier-
3rd tier-
Bottom tier-
1 Top tier- B
2nd tier- C
3rd tier- A
Bottom tier- D