The Great Breakup (Topic 8.1 & 8.2)
This 1941 declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill proclaimed peoples' right to choose their own government, and was later cited by colonized peoples demanding independence.
What is the Atlantic Charter?
In this 1950–53 conflict, U.S.-led UN forces and North Korea (backed by China/USSR) fought to a standstill, leaving the peninsula divided at this specific line.
What is the 38th Parallel (...the Korean War)?
This ideological system advocates for a "command economy" where the state owns all property and redistributes wealth to create a classless society.
What is Communism?
While India's decolonization was largely negotiated, this Southeast Asian leader declared independence from France in 1945, quoting the American Declaration of Independence to gain Western sympathy.
Who is Ho Chi Minh?
This philosophy, used by both Gandhi and MLK, is often translated as "truth-force" or "soul-force."
What is Satyagraha?
Gorbachev’s policy of "Restructuring" the Soviet economy was known by this Russian term.
What is Perestroika?
The U.S. foreign policy doctrine, articulated by President Truman in 1947, stating that the United States would support free peoples resisting communist takeover.
What is Containment (or the Truman Doctrine)?
During this 1962 crisis, JFK warned: "It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from [this nation]... as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States."
What is the Cuban Missile Crisis?
This 1958–62 campaign sought to utilize China’s massive population to rapidly industrialize, but instead caused a famine that killed an estimated 15–55 million people.
What is the Great Leap Forward?
This leader of the Gold Coast (Ghana) once said: "We prefer self-government with danger to servitude in tranquility."
Who is Kwame Nkrumah?
After 27 years in prison, this man told the court: "I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society... It is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."
Who is Nelson Mandela?
In 1987, Ronald Reagan famously challenged: "Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" ... what wall was he referring to?
What is the Berlin Wall?
Founded in 1945, this international organization's charter included language about self-determination and became a forum where newly independent nations could assert sovereignty.
What is the United Nations (UN)?
This term describes the rapid spread of nuclear weapons technology to nations like China, India, and Pakistan, leading to a global "balance of terror."
What is Nuclear Proliferation?
After taking power in 1959, this leader nationalized American sugar mills and refineries, leading to a permanent U.S. economic embargo.
Who is Fidel Castro?
France viewed this North African territory not as a colony, but as an integral part of France, leading to a brutal 8-year war of independence.
What is Algeria?
1973 military coup in Chile, supported by the U.S. CIA, ended the democratic rule of a socialist president and installed this long-term dictator.
Who was Augusto Pinochet (installed)?
This non-communist trade union in Poland, led by an electrician, became the first major crack in the Soviet "Iron Curtain."
What is Solidarity (Solidarność)?
WWII weakened European empires by creating this key precondition: colonial soldiers from India and Africa gained this from fighting for empires and used it to demand self-rule.
What is military experience (organizational capacity/political expectations)?
This military doctrine, known by the acronym MAD, suggested that if both sides had enough nuclear weapons to destroy the other, neither would ever start a war.
What is Mutually Assured Destruction?
Identify ONE reason communism appealed to colonized nations in Africa and Asia more than Western capitalism.
It promised land redistribution to peasants
It provided an anti-imperialist framework
The USSR provided a model for rapid industrialization
The 1947 Partition of India was based on this "theory," suggesting that Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations that could not coexist in one state.
What is the Two-Nation Theory?
This Maoist insurgent group in Peru used bombings and assassinations in an attempt to overthrow the government and establish a communist state.
What is the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)?
When Gorbachev abandoned the "Brezhnev Doctrine" (which allowed the USSR to intervene in other communist states), this happened across Eastern Europe in 1989.
What are the Velvet Revolutions (or the collapse of communist regimes)?
Explain how the "Bipolar" nature of the Cold War gave newly independent nations leverage.
They could "play" both superpowers against each other to extract aid; the US claimed to oppose imperialism while the USSR actively funded liberation movements to gain allies.
Both the US and USSR used many "tools" to maintain influence. Name at least one economic OR one military tool for each.
US: Marshall Plan (economic) & NATO (military).
USSR: COMECON (economic) & Warsaw Pact (military).
Identify a major social difference: Capitalism emphasizes individual rights and political pluralism, while Soviet-style Communism emphasizes collective welfare and a single-party state.
What is Individualism vs. Collectivism?
Identify one major difference in the process of independence prompted in India vs. Vietnam.
India utilized negotiated non-violence (civil disobedience)
Vietnam utilized armed struggle/guerrilla warfare (led by Ho Chi Minh)
Explain how the U.S. Civil Rights Movement was a "Cold War issue" for the American government.
Soviet propaganda used images of U.S. racial violence to turn newly independent African and Asian nations against the United States.
Describe the "internal" vs "external" causes of the USSR’s collapse.
Economic stagnation and failed reforms (Perestroika). External: The arms race with the US and the failed war in Afghanistan.