Fossils
Fossils are most likely to be found in _______ rocks.
sedimentary
These two scientists are credited with coming up with the Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection.
Charles Darwin
Alfred Wallace
What is natural selection?
A process that allows advantageous traits to become more prominent in the population due to survival and reproduction.
TRUE/FALSE:
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to offspring and evolution is the change in an organism's traits over time.
FALSE
EVOLUTION --> POPULATION
Endangered species are species with decreasing populations that are at risk of extinction. Which of the following would most likely increase the risk of extinction?
Ⓐ sudden loss of habitat
Ⓑ decreased number of natural predators
Ⓒ increased availability of reproductive mates
Ⓓ moving an individual organism into captivity
Ⓐ sudden loss of habitat
Minerals from Earthen materials seep into the pores of remains and causing hardening. What is this process called?
A) lithification
B) crystallization
C) fossilization
D) permineralization
D) permineralization
What is the theory of evolution?
change over time in the traits within a population of living organisms over a long period of time (multiple generations)
Which of the following statements about natural selection is most accurate?
Ⓐ Natural selection is a random process that takes place over long periods of time.
Ⓑ Natural selection acts so that all negative traits in a population are removed over time.
Ⓒ Natural selection relies on advantageous traits becoming more common in the population.
Ⓓ Natural selection reduces the likelihood of extinction for organisms which are not adapted to their environment.
Ⓒ Natural selection relies on advantageous traits becoming more common in the population.
The variety of traits in a population of organisms is known as _______ ________.
Genetic Variation
In his 1859 book On The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin discusses the theory of evolution and his model of natural selection. An adapted passage from this book is shown below.
"We do not see slow changes in progress until a great deal of time has passed. Even then, we only see that the forms of life are now different from what they formerly were."
How does Darwin's writing use fossil evidence to support the theory of evolution?
Ⓐ Fossils show a complete record of all species preserved from the past.
Ⓑ Fossils are used by scientists to predict future extinction rates of species.
Ⓒ Fossils give scientists proof that species rate of evolution depends on time.
Ⓓ Fossils provide evidence of the past that shows how species have changed over time
Ⓓ Fossils provide evidence of the past that shows how species have changed over time
A documented collection of all of the fossils found in that area, institution, or region. This is known as the _______ _______.
Fossil Record
Which of the following best describes how the theory of evolution has changed over time?
Ⓐ The theory of evolution describes a body of observations about the changes in organisms. ]
Ⓑ The idea of evolution did not develop until natural phenomena described what was occurring.
Ⓒ Darwin's original theory of evolution was modified to the current theory as new evidence was discovered.
Ⓓ Darwin's proposal for the theory of evolution did not contain enough empirical evidence to be widely accepted.
Ⓒ Darwin's original theory of evolution was modified to the current theory as new evidence was discovered.
Three major influences on Natural Selection include:
1. Food Source
2. Predators
3. Habitat/climate
The physical appearance of an organism's genetic trait. ___________
Phenotype
Wild parrots live in warm climates. Few young parrots would survive an exceptionally cold winter in these regions. If this cold weather pattern continues year after year, which of the following statements best describes how the parrot species will respond?
Ⓐ The surviving parrots will die during this winter or the next winter.
Ⓑ The parrots will migrate to higher latitudes to preserve their population.
Ⓒ The surviving parrots will produce offspring that have larger feathers to cover the body.
Ⓓ The parrot population will, over generations, produce offspring that are better able to tolerate cold weather
Ⓓ The parrot population will, over generations, produce offspring that are better able to tolerate cold weather
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A) Fossils of older organisms are only found in sedimentary rock; whereas fossils of younger organisms can be found in both sedimentary and igneous rocks
B) Fossils of older organisms are at the bottom and younger organisms are at the top of the sedimentary rock layer.
C) Fossils are important pieces of evidence for evolution because they can organize previous life forms in chronological order.
D) Fossils provide evidence of change in the previous life forms on Earth.
A) Fossils of older organisms are only found in sedimentary rock; whereas fossils of younger organisms can be found in both sedimentary and igneous rocks
Species evolve at different rates. For example, bacteria are unlikely to become extinct because they adapt more quickly than mammals to environmental changes. Which of the following best explains this difference?
Ⓐ Bacteria reproduce more rapidly, allowing the species to evolve more quickly.
Ⓑ Bacterial populations are more isolated, permitting increases in genetic variability.
Ⓒ Certain bacteria grow more steadily over time, giving an evolutionary advantage over mammals.
Ⓓ Individual bacteria have the same genes, providing opportunities for increased biodiversity in one population.
Ⓐ Bacteria reproduce more rapidly, allowing the species to evolve more quickly.
Male guppies range in color from dull to bright. While the dull guppies camouflage better with the sand, the bright guppies are more visible in the water. If a new predator that eats guppies is introduced to the population, how will natural selection most likely affect the colors of the male guppies?
Ⓐ The number of dull individuals in the guppy population will increase.
Ⓑ The number of bright individuals in the guppy population will increase.
Ⓒ The dull individuals in the guppy population will develop brighter colorations.
Ⓓ The bright individuals in the guppy population will develop duller colorations
Ⓐ The number of dull individuals in the guppy population will increase.
The genetic code of an organism's genetic trait.
_________
Genotype
In 2006, scientists found a fossil that seemed to have fish-like scales and four legs. It also had a bone structure in its neck that suggested it could move its head. This fossil was given the name Tiktaalik and its discovery turned the scientific world upside down. What evidence does the discovery of Tiktaalik give to support the theory of evolution?
Ⓐ Tiktaalik shows that land animals and fish are not as closely related as once thought.
Ⓑ Tiktaalik shows that land animals and fish developed from completely different ancestors.
Ⓒ Tiktaalik shows that fish decided to grow legs at some point, which allowed them to walk on land.
Ⓓ Tiktaalik shows that extinct species are related to modern species, which supports the idea of common ancestry
Ⓓ Tiktaalik shows that extinct species are related to modern species, which supports the idea of common ancestry
Two fossils of organisms that Charles Darwin found in South America allowed him to come to the conclusion of common ancestry.
What were the names of BOTH of these fossils?
1. Glyptodon
2. Ground Sloth
Over a six-year period, a biologist has collected data about the physical characteristics, behavior, feeding habits and mating rituals of four bird species living in a South American rainforest. At the end of the six-year period, the biologist claims that evidence of evolution is present in two of the four species. Which of the following is most likely to occur when the biologist presents these findings to other scientists?
Ⓐ Scientists will revise the theory of evolution in light of this new discovery.
Ⓑ Scientists will repeat the experiment in a controlled laboratory setting to validate the results.
Ⓒ Scientists will debate and seek confirmation through additional research prior to accepting the findings as fact.
Ⓓ Scientists will create a genetic map of the birds using a computer modeling system to share with South American leaders.
Ⓒ Scientists will debate and seek confirmation through additional research prior to accepting the findings as fact.
List & explain the four components of natural selection:
Reproduction
Overproduction of offspring leads to competition
Variation
Different genotypes and phenotypes in the population
Adaptation
Some traits change which species can live more successfully in the environment
Selection/descent with modification
Overtime the organisms that adapt better to the environment will dominate the population
Natalie has noticed that when her dog had puppies, the puppies looked very different from the mother and from each other. This was due to natural genetic variation. Which of the following describes how genetic variation contributes to evolution?
A) Genetic variation within a population means that all organisms will be better suited for survival.
B) Genetic variation results in offspring only receiving from their parents’ helpful characteristics.
C) Genetic variation increases the ability of a species to survive environmental changes.
D) Genetic variation results in a higher number of offspring produced in each generation.
C) Genetic variation increases the ability of a species to survive environmental changes.
Crabs are organisms that have five pairs of legs. In certain species of crabs, the fifth pair of legs has a flattened, paddle-like shape. Which of the statements below best explains how this adaptation has evolved?
Ⓐ Crabs were exposed to a toxin in the water.
Ⓑ Crabs with this adaptation have an advantage over other crabs to defend against predators in oyster beds.
Ⓒ Crabs needed this adaptation to dig into sand to find food so they developed the flattened paddle-like shape.
Ⓓ Crabs developed this adaptation because they needed to climb mangrove trees to hide themselves from predators.
Ⓑ Crabs with this adaptation have an advantage over other crabs to defend against predators in oyster beds.