Cladograms
On a cladogram, each node or branching point represents this evolutionary event.
Layers of rock contain remains of ancient organisms, known by this term, which show gradual changes over time.
What are fossils?
This evolutionary force introduces new alleles into a population's gene pool by changing the inheritable A/T/G/C sequence (aka in one's egg or sperm cells).
What is mutation?
T. rex's modern day cousin.
What are chickens?
This represents time passing on a cladogram.
What does the length of a line mean?
Similarities in early development, like gill slits in fish and human, are used as evidence for common ancestry in this field.
What is embryology?
A small population of birds is blown to a new island, and by chance, only a few traits are represented—this is an example of this evolutionary force.
What is genetic drift?
First animals to evolve wings and fly.
What are insects?
Loss of tail. (Give 2 things that are true about it)
- trait shared only by chimpanzees and humans
- trait that evolved first in the ancestor shared by chimpanzees and humans
The more closely related two species are, the larger percentage of this they share in common.
What is DNA (sequence)?
When a few dolphins from one pod in Lake Michigan migrate and reproduce in a new pod in Lake Ontario, they contribute to this process, which alters allele frequencies.
What is gene flow?
A vestigial trait humans share in common with cats, fish, and many birds and reptiles.
What is the nictitating membrane, often called the third eyelid?
**Bonus: +150 points if you name 4 other vestigial traits in humans.**
These cladograms are equivalent. T or F?
True
Example: Tiny muscles around the human ear can still wiggle, especially in some people, though they once helped our ancestors better detect threats.
What is an example of a vestigial structure?
If peacocks with brighter feathers are more likely to mate and pass on their genes, this evolutionary force is at play.
What is non-random mating?
Due to poaching, recently, natural selection has been favoring elephants that...
have no tusks!
Analogous structures
What are 4-chambered hearts?
Whale Arm vs. Human Arm
Whale Arm vs. Fish Fin
What is an example of homologous vs. analogous structures?
**Bonus: +150 points if you can name the similarities and differences between the two.**
A rabbit produces 100 offspring, and only the fastest running offspring survive the wolf to be able to reproduce. All offspring inherit the traits of the surviving rabbits.
What is natural selection?
UV ray exposure affected this evolutionary trait in humans across the world.
What is human skin color?
**Bonus: +150 points if you can name why individuals with the gene for darker skin face health risks in low-UV areas AND why individuals with the gene for lighter skin face health risks in high-UV areas.**