Native Americans of Texas
In the early 1870s, as U.S. troops began operations against Native Americans who had left the reservations, Anglo American hunters were slaughtering the _____ that Native Americans depended upon for survival.
Buffalo
Quanah Parker planned a surprise attack.
Two battles were fought at this location– the first in 1871, the second in 1874. Unlike the first battle, the second went poorly for the allied Comanche, Kiowa and Cheyenne forces.
Adobe Walls
This was the first widely used of the four main cattle drive trails and would later be abandoned in favor of the Chisholm Trail
The Shawnee Trail
(Sedalia Trail)
The use of this– especially by farmers– was a key factor in the end of the open range in Texas
Barbed Wire
Prior to the Civil War, less than __________ miles of railroad tracks had been laid in the state of Texas
1650
These are organized groups that advocate for worker’s rights (including pay, working hours and working conditions)
Labor Unions
Who was given the command of Driving Native Americans from plains onto Reservations?
Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie
In 1874, the Red River War culminated in this battle, located in a canyon, and ultimately led to the removal of the Comanche and Kiowa peoples from their lands in Texas and on the Great Plains
Battle of Palo Duro Canyon
This harmful cattle disease was a factor in the laws that were created in states north of Texas, which banned cattle drives through lands that were already settled by farmers
Texas Fever
The development of ______ farming techniques, allowed for recently settled lands in Western Texas to be cultivated, which was very different (climatologically and geographically) from East Texas
Dry farming
These were originally issued by cities and municipalities, to fund railroad construction, before they were prohibited by the Texas Constitution of 1876
Railroad Bonds
A ___________ is an action taken by workers to STOP working until an employer meets the demands of laborers and the labor union
A strike (labor strike)
Many white Texans wanted Native American peoples to be forcibly removed to these - an area of land that would be held and governed by a federally recognized Native American tribal nation
Reservations
President Grant put the army in charge of Native American affairs in West Texas. Native Americans were required to register on the reservations. About 4,000 did not register. Native Americans were trapped in Canyons which they could not escape.
Red Campaign
This trail was created so that ranchers could drive Texas cattle to military outposts, mining outfits and Native reservations to the northwest of Texas
The Goodnight-Loving Trail
This crop was singularly well suited to being grown in both eastern AND western Texas… leading to it being named as the “king” of Texas crops
Cotton or Cottonseed Oil
This agency, started by Governor Jim S. Hogg in 1891, would become one of the most powerful regulatory agencies in the state
The Texas Railroad Commission
sought reform on issues affecting farmers. It campaigned to end unfair credit practices and railroad monopolies and to make low interest loans available to farmers.
Farmers Alliance
Several Native American groups in Texas participated in the signing of this treaty in 1867– which promised them a 3-million-acre reservation if they ended the raids and attacks on white settlements on the plains
The Medicine Lodge Treaty
In this attack near Salt Creek, the Native Americans killed seven people, though five others escaped. The attackers then returned to the reservation with captured mules and supplies. This attack changed Sherman’s attitude about the Native Americans in West Texas
Warren Wagon Trail Raid
Originally used by vaqueros in Texas-- who had started the cattle ranching industry in the state under Spanish rule– Texas cowboys adopted it to help them catch runaway cattle
The Lasso
a person (farmer or farmworker) who resides on land owned by a landlord
Tenant farmer
The development of this kind of railroad car was revolutionary in terms of beef & agricultural transportation in the state of Texas (and across the United States)
Refrigerated Railroad Cars
The first switchboards were installed where?
Galveston & Houston
Levels of violence increased across the Texas frontier as the U.S. _____ became more involved in forcibly remove Native American peoples to reservations in “Indian Territory”
Army
Kiowa leader _____ admitted he had helped lead the Warren Wagon Train Raid, and was arrested and tried for murder.
Satanta
A hybrid breed of cattle that developed in Texas due to the cross-breeding of criollo (Spanish) cows and European cattle
The Texas Longhorn
This plow allowed farmers to break the hard crust of the earth in western Texas, revealing deeper, richer soils underneath
Steel Plow
Cities that were NOT located along railroad tracks often ________, while cities along the railroad lines at railroad stops grew
Declined/shrank
a market structure where a single seller or producer assumes a dominant position in an industry or a sector.
Monopoly