Protein Synth
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA --> mRNA --> Protein
What base is found in RNA but not DNA?
Uracil
Where does transcription take place and why?
Nucleus, because DNA cannot leave the nucleus. DNA it too large and may get damaged if it did leave
What organelle is responsible for translation?
Ribosome
What are the three major types of gene mutations?
Insertion
Deletion
Substitution
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
How many strands does each molecule have?
DNA --> 2
RNA --> 1
What is the goal of transcription?
To use DNA as instructions to make mRNA
What RNA molecules play a role in protein synthesis during translation?
All of them; mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Which is more likely to cause a major problem a frameshift or point mutation? Why?
Frameshift, it is more likely to create a large change in the protein
What are the steps to protein synthesis?
Transcription & translation
What are the 3 types of RNA and what do they do?
mRNA --> carries genetic info out of the nucleus
tRNA --> transports amino acids to ribosome
rRNA --> helps make proteins
What is the major enzyme that controls transcription?
RNA polymerase
What is the name of a three nucleotide sequence that is used to determine and amino acid and where is it found?
Codon on the mRNA
Identify and briefly describe the different types of point mutations.
Silent - when a substitution creates the same amino acid
Missense - when a substitution creates a different amino acid
Nonsense - when a substitution creates a stop codon
How do you read a codon wheel?
From the middle reading outwards
What are the sugars found in the molecules?
DNA --> deoxyribose
RNA --> ribose
What happens to mRNA after it is made?
It leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
What are the three major steps of protein synthesis?
Initiation - starting the protein
Elongation - making the protein
Termination - ending the protein
Are all mutations harmful? Explain.
No, many mutations are neutral because a lot of different codons result in the same amino acid
Provide at least two examples of what proteins do in the body
enzymes, antibodies, hormones, moving molecules in the body, help with growth, control cell processes, etc.
Create a model that compares and contrasts the properties of DNA and RNA. Include similarities and differences.
Image should contain a double helix for DNA and single helix for RNA.
Additional Information:
RNA --> ribose sugar, uracil base
DNA --> deoxyribose sugar, thymine base
Both --> carry genetic information, bases A-C-G, both needed for protein synthesis
Briefly summarize transcription in 3-4 steps.
1. RNA polymerase attaches to DNA
2. The polymerase begins to read DNA
3. The polymerase uses DNA as instructions to build mRNA
4. Transcription stops when a termination signal is reached and mRNA is released
Briefly summarize what happens during translation
1. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
2. mRNA binds to rRNA (ribosome)
3. Ribosome reads codons on mRNA
4. tRNA brings amino acids that match the mRNA codon
5. Ribosome attaches amino acids together with peptide bonds until a stop codon is reached
Which would be worse: a mutation that happens in the DNA or a mutation that occurs while making mRNA? Why?
DNA. DNA is the template used to make RNA, so if the DNA is changed ALL information coming from the DNA would be mutated. If RNA is changed, it would only impact some of the proteins being made, since RNA is only around for a short period of time.